Chapter 3 Managing Hazardous Waste And Compressed Gases PDF

Chapter 3  Managing and Storing Hazardous Waste and Compressed Gases  Introduction Managing hazardous waste and compressed gases is crucial for protecting the environment and public health. Proper handling of these materials involves understanding the risks and following strict procedures t...

Chapter 3  Managing and Storing Hazardous Waste and Compressed Gases  Introduction Managing hazardous waste and compressed gases is crucial for protecting the environment and public health. Proper handling of these materials involves understanding the risks and following strict procedures to ensure safety.  What is Hazardous Waste? Hazardous waste is waste that contains harmful materials which can pose a threat to human health or the environment. These materials can be toxic, flammable, reactive, radioactive, or corrosive. Examples include industrial chemicals, medical waste, radioactive materials, and electronic waste. Managing hazardous waste involves careful collection, storage, transport, and disposal to ensure safety and minimize risks. Examples of Hazardous Waste: 1. Industrial Waste: Such as chemical residues, radioactive materials, and heavy metals. 2. Medical Waste: Such as biological waste and expired medications. 3. Household Waste: Such as old batteries, paints, and pesticides. Major Sources of Hazardous Waste:  Industries: Including chemical manufacturing, petrochemical plants, and mining operations.  Hospitals and Laboratories: Which generate biological and chemical waste.  Households: Through the use of products like batteries and pesticides.  CLASSIFICATION of Hazardous Waste  Hazardous waste is classified based on its chemical and physical properties. Here are the main types of hazardous waste: 1. Toxic Waste:  Chemical Toxins: Such as pesticides, agricultural chemicals, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.  Medical Waste: Includes expired medications and biological materials that may be contaminated with viruses or bacteria. 2. Flammable Waste: Flammable Liquids: Such as gasoline, alcohol, and organic solvents. Flammable Solids: Such as gunpowder and certain types of plastics. 3. Reactive Waste:  Chemical Reactive: Certain acids and strong bases that can react violently with water or air.  Explosives: Such as dynamite and some industrial explosives.  CLASSIFICATION of Hazardous Waste 4. Radioactive Waste  Nuclear Waste: Includes residues from nuclear reactors and radioactive materials used in medical and industrial research.  Radioactive Devices: Certain medical devices and industrial equipment containing radioactive substances. 5. Corrosive Waste:  Strong Acids: Such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.  Strong Bases: Such as sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and potassium hydroxide. 6. Biological Waste  Infectious Biological Materials: Waste from hospitals and laboratories that may contain pathogens.  Biological Pharmaceuticals: Expired or contaminated biological drugs. 7. Electronic Waste:  Old Electronic Devices: Such as cell phones, computers, and batteries containing heavy metals and toxic substances like mercury and lead.  Comparison of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Chemicals Aspect Hazardous Waste Hazardous Chemicals Waste that can harm health Chemicals with dangerous Definition or the environment. properties. Industrial waste, medical Pesticides, acids, industrial Examples waste, electronic waste. solvents. Needs safe disposal and Requires safe handling and Management strict handling procedures. proper storage. Used as raw materials or Waste products needing safe Purpose products in various disposal. processes. Safe disposal and Focus Safe use and handling. management.  Key Global Systems for Classifying Hazardous Waste and Their Codes System Description Examples of Codes H200: Explosive A global system for GHS (Globally - H220: Flammable gas classifying and labeling Harmonized - H300: Fatal if swallowed. hazardous chemicals and System) - H310: Fatal in contact with skin. waste. - H400: Very toxic to aquatic life. -UN1203: Gasoline Guidelines for the safe - UN1789: Hydrochloric acid. UN Model transport of dangerous Regulations goods, including hazardous -UN1993: Flammable liquids -UN3077: Environmentally hazardous substance, solid waste. - UN3082: Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid. EWC -01 01 01: Waste from mineral excavation A European system for -20 01 13: Solvents (European Waste classifying waste based on - 13 01 10: Mineral based non-chlorinated hydraulic oils. its source and type. -16 02 13: Discarded equipment containing hazardous components Catalogue) -15 01 10: Packaging containing residues of hazardous substances.  Managing Hazardous Waste Proper management includes several key steps:.1Identification  Determine Hazardousness: Analyze the properties of the waste to see if it’s hazardous.  Record Keeping: Keep detailed records of the analysis to ensure compliance. 2. Packaging and Labeling  Approved Containers: Use containers approved for hazardous materials.  Clear Labels: Label containers to indicate the type of hazard (e.g., flammable, toxic). 3. Temporary Storage  Designated Areas: Store waste in specific, safe areas away from residential zones.  Secondary Containment: Use secondary containment to prevent leaks or spills  Managing Hazardous Waste.4Transportation and Disposal  Certified Transporters: Use certified methods and transporters to move waste.  Proper Disposal Facilities: Transport to facilities equipped for hazardous waste disposal. 5. Documentation and Tracking  Manifest System: Use a system to track the amount and type of waste.  Detailed Records: Keep records of the waste's movement from generation to disposal. 6. Training and Awareness  Employee Training: Train employees on safe handling practices.  Emergency Response: Ensure employees are prepared for emergencies involving hazardous waste.  Storage of Hazard Waste 1.storage in Sealed Containers: Description: Hazardous waste is put in special containers that are leak-proof and corrosion-resistant. Purpose: To prevent harmful materials from leaking into the environment. Examples: Steel drums lined with plastic for liquid chemicals, and strong plastic containers for solid materials. Precautions: Containers have warning labels and are stored away from heat sources and reactive substances. 2.Underground Storage: Description: Waste is buried in special underground sites that have tight seals to prevent leaks. Purpose: To isolate waste from the surface environment and groundwater. Examples: Geological storage sites for nuclear waste buried deep in rock layers. Precautions: The site’s geology and hydrology are carefully studied, and the site is regularly monitored for leaks.  Storage of Hazard Waste 3.Specialized Warehouses: Description: Waste is stored in dedicated warehouses equipped with safety equipment like ventilation systems and leak detectors. Purpose: To provide a safe environment for storing hazardous waste. Examples: Warehouses for storing chemical and biological waste, with organized storage on special racks. Precautions: Workers are trained in handling hazardous waste, and the warehouse is regularly checked for leaks or accidents. 4.Freezing Storage: Description: Some waste is stored at very low temperatures using special freezers. Purpose: To reduce the activity of chemicals and biological reactions. Examples: Storing biological samples and medical waste that need low temperatures to stay safe. Precautions: Temperatures are regularly checked, and labels show the contents and required temperatures.  Storage of Hazard Waste 5.Temporary Storage: Description: Waste is stored temporarily before being moved to final disposal or treatment sites. Purpose: To provide a short-term solution for collecting waste before final disposal. Examples: Temporary collection sites for hazardous waste in hospitals before being sent to medical waste treatment facilities. Precautions: Regular schedules for moving waste, and using sealed temporary containers to prevent leaks  Dangers of Storing Hazardous Waste 1. Leaks: Description: Harmful materials can leak from containers. Risks: Soil and groundwater pollution, harming wildlife and humans..2Fires and Explosions: Description: Some waste can catch fire or react violently. Risks: Property damage and danger to lives..3Air Pollution: 2. Description: Harmful gases can be released from waste. 3. Risks: Air pollution affecting human and animal health.  Dangers of Storing Hazardous Waste.4Health Hazards: Description: Direct contact with hazardous waste can cause serious illnesses or injuries. Risks: Health risks to workers handling the waste..5Geological Instability: Description: Underground storage in unstable areas can cause problems. Risks: Earthquakes or collapses affecting the storage..6Corrosion and Chemical Reactions: 1. Description: Some chemicals can react with each other or with containers. 2. Risks: Hazardous spills or toxic gas production.  Recycling Hazardous Waste.1Recycling Metals: Description: Heavy metals like lead, mercury, and copper are extracted from hazardous waste. Process: Includes smelting, electrical separation, and filtration. Benefits: Reduces the need for new mining and minimizes environmental impact..2Recycling Solvents: Description: Chemical solvents used in industries can be purified and reused. Process: Includes distillation and chemical separation. Benefits: Decreases the production of new solvents and reduces harmful chemical disposal..3Recycling Oils: Description: Used oils from engines and industries can be treated and reused. Process: Includes filtration and chemical treatment. Benefits: Reduces pollution and conserves natural resources.  Recycling Hazardous Waste.4Recycling Batteries: Description: Used batteries contain heavy metals and chemicals that can be extracted and reused. Process: Includes crushing and chemical separation. Benefits: Decreases pollution from battery disposal and makes use of valuable materials..5Thermal Treatment: Description: Some hazardous waste can be treated with heat to make it less dangerous. Process: Includes incineration and thermal decomposition. Benefits: Reduces the volume of waste and makes leftover materials safer.  Note: Recycling hazardous waste requires specialized facilities and strict safety standards to ensure environmental protection and human health.  Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in Jordan and Recycling Processes:  Swaqa Hazardous Waste Disposal Site:  Location: East of Swaqa, about 130 kilometers southeast of Amman.  Description: Main site for hazardous waste disposal and treatment in Jordan.  Recycling Processes:  Recycling Metals: Extracting heavy metals from industrial waste.  Recycling Oils: Purifying and reusing used oils.  Thermal Treatment: Treating some waste with heat to  Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in Jordan and Recycling Processes:  Ghabawi Waste Disposal Site:  Location: In the eastern desert, about 40 kilometers from Amman.  Description: Established in 2003 and receives over 4200 tons of waste daily.  Recycling Processes:  Methane Gas Extraction: Using methane gas generated from waste to produce energy.  Recycling Batteries: Extracting metals and chemicals from used batteries.  Recycling Solvents: Purifying and reusing chemical solvents.