Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization PDF

Introduction to cells cell theroy I. building blocks of plants/animals. 2 Come from division of preexisting Cells. 3 living units that perform...

Introduction to cells cell theroy I. building blocks of plants/animals. 2 Come from division of preexisting Cells. 3 living units that perform functions Smallest vital phusioligal cell cooperation level/ levels Cell differentationis higherorganization - homeostasis at cellular Descendants from cell Fer single : - Fertilization , Zygote forms Potential to become contains genetic cell - any create of cell divisions smaller cytoplasm - parcels cellular differentation different of composition cutoplasm daughter cells - = off affect DNA in daughter cells causes genes to turn - - gradual specialization = Cellular differentation - specialized cells form tissue of body Body fluid extracellular fluid (cells with water) - Interstital fluid (standing between) tissues - in intracellucar/Cytosol (fluid in cell) - - Plasma membrane (Separate well from fluid) cell and organelles Structure nonmembranous not enclosed - cell by membranes- - Surrounded membrane Contact Cytosol plasma - - Cytoplasm (between cell/nuclear membrane ( - membranous - Phospholipid membrane - Isolated cutoplasm Cytosol- fluid of Cytoplasm Peroxisome - organelles Structure structure : Vesicles (degradative enzymes) - - - organelles - Function : Breaks organic compound - membranous/non membranous Neutralize toxic compounds - liver cells  Lysosome structure : Vesicles containg digestive enzymes - Function : Break damaged organelles/pathogens (bacterial down organic compounds - and Microvilli - structure : Membrane extensions containg microfilaments - Function : Increase surface area for absorption Golgi apparatus - structure : stacks of flatted membranes (Cisternae) containg chambers - function : store alter , , Package Synthesized products Nucleus structure fluid nucleoplasm nucleoticles : containg protiens DNA - enzymes , , , - surrounded by double membrane called nuclear envelope - Function : controls metabolism , stores/processes genetic information , controls protien Synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum - structure : Network of membranous sheets and channels - Function : Synthesizes Secretory products ; stores/transports within cell ; detoxifies drugs and toxins (liver Smooth ER-no attatched ribisomes lipids and Synthesizes carbs - - Rough ER-Attatched Fibisomes modifies newly synthesized protiens - - Ribisomes structure : RNA and protiens - - Function - Synthesized protiens Mitochondrion - structure : Double membrane-Inner membrane metabolic enzymes , - Function : 95 % of cellular ATP Cytoskeleton - structure : Protiens in fine filaments or slender tubes - Centrosome (center with centroiles) - Function : Strengths/support cell-moves structure/materials in cell  Plasma membrane permeable barrier separatingInside cell from fluid - Controls : long/nutrients , Elimination of waste , release secretions Phospholid bilayer : 2 layers with hydrophilic heads hydrophobic , tails Cholesterol molecules (stiffen membrane ( - Protiens - Integral proteins Part of cell membrane-transport water - Peripheral protien attach to , cell membrane - removable - regulatory functions Plasma membrane components - glycocalyx Proteoglycans , , glycoproteins glycolipids , - function surfaces In cell recognition bind to structures/lubricating - Functions - physical isolation , Regulation of exchange with external environment , sensitive to environment , Structural Support , Lipid bilayer Isolation , proteins perform functions Cytoskeleton - Crucial part of cell - Internal Protein framework - strength/flexability Microfilaments - composed of actin Intermediate - Strong/durable slender plasma membrane Cilia-long , fashion- flagella-longer and beat in a weak wave like microfilament - Intermediate Structure Remarks Location Functions Microfilaments Present in most cells; best In bundles beneath the Provide strength, alter cell shape, bind the organized in skeletal and plasma membrane and cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, tie cardiac muscle cells throughout the cytoplasm cells together, involved in muscle contraction Intermediate Present in most cells; at least In cytoplasm Provide strength, move materials through filaments five types known cytoplasm Thick filaments Found in skeletal and cardiac In cytoplasm Interact with actin microfilaments to produce muscle cells muscle contraction Microtubules Present in most cells In cytoplasm radiating Provide strength, move organelles away from centrosome Centrioles Nine groups of microtubule In centrosome near Organize microtubules in the spindle to move triplets form a short cylinder nucleus chromosomes during cell division Cilia Nine groups of microtubule Extensions of plasma Multiple motile cilia propel fluids or solids doublets form a cylinder. membrane across a cell surface. The single primary Motile cilia have a central pair cilium of a cell detects environmental stimuli (9 + 2) Flagella Nine groups of microtubule Extension of plasma A flagellum propels sperm doublets form a cylinder membrane around a central pair (9 + 2)  Ribisomes/Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes - responsible for Protein Synthesis - two subunits Contains special Proteins and ribosomal RNA-free bound fixed Sunthesize protiens for export - , , + Polypeptide formation in RER SER function-Synthesize phospholid and Chlosterol , steriod hormones , glycerides , glycogen-forms polypeptides in receptor enzyme , enters Cisterna , secondary/territory structures - may become enzymes or glycoprotiens - Products not destined for RER are packagedIn transport vehicles Golgi Apparatus located the nucleus-functions to Package near renew plasma membrane Secretions Into Secretor - - vesicles for release and enzymes for Cytosol use - Present in Cells - Involves process of transport vesicles filled With proteins ER arriving face. and glycoproteins - rom rough at CIS Lysosomes - VesiclesSeparate digestive process from Cytoplasm - three main functions : fusion With organelles , release digestive enzymes during Cell Injury , resulting "sucide packets" Membrane flow-continous movement/exchange of materials between Organelles cells grow - mature , respond to environments - membraneSurface replacing in I hour Mitochondria - Producing ATP for cells - account 30 % of heart/cardiac muscles. - DNA/ ribosomes - double membrane with Cristae/matrix - ATP involves glycolysis - removes gluecose from Cytosol/areboic metabolism - requires 02 - occurs in mitochon arra - Mitochondria Produces 95 % ATP by cell-5 % produced by enzymatic reactions in cytoplasm.  Nucleus largest cellular Structure operations Synthesis of 100 000 protiens determines - - Cellular - over , - cell structure/function - directs Cellular responses to environmental changes - Short/long term adjustments Involving enzyme activation or trachivation Nucleoplasm - Fine filaments for Structural Support , RNA , DNA. Nucleoli-transit nuclear organales Composed of RNA , Enzymes , protiens - Prominent in cells manufacturing large protiens DNA-stores Instructions for protiens Synthesis - various functions GeneticCode/Protien Synthesis DNA-long chain of nucleotides G) with 4 nitrogenous bases - genetic code - The (A T , , C , triplet code has 4 nitrogenous bases , specifying a single amino acid Genes - Functional unit of heredity - DNA nucleotides produce specific protien Protien Synthesis - gene activation - DNA uncoiling - enzyme assembly - Complementary base Series of three RNA codons. pairing - DNA Triplet Template DNA Triplet tRNA & Strand Coding Strand mRNA Codon Anticodon Amino Acid AAA TTT UUU AAA Phenylalanine AAT TTA UUA AAU Leucine ACA TGT UGU ACA Cysteine CAA GTT GUU CAA Valine TAC ATG AUG UAC Methionine TCG AGC AGC UCG Serine GGC CCG CCG GGC Proline CGG GCC GCC CGG Alanine Transcription - occurs In the nucleus Producing RNA from DNA template Involves activation , gene - , assembly of mRNA strand , and hydrogen bonding between nucleotides on DNA template and Complementary RNA Process Ends when the stop reached and DNA strands codon is complementary - , reassociate - Final process of Involves mRNA removing Introns and splicing remaining Coding Segments Translation - converting genetic Information from nucleic acids to proteins. - Occurs In Cytoplasm on ribosomes Initiation phase-mRNA binds to small ribosomal Subunit , tRNA binds toP site , ribosomes Interlock around Strand mRNA Elongation phase - Ribosomal enzymes remove amino acids from IRNA , attach to tRNA , form a dipeptide , more to next codon , release tRNA , bind amino acids , form polypeptides Termination phase Stop codons MRNA recognized by protein factors , breaking bond on releasing - , from polypeptide and tRNA in P site , detaching ribosomal subunits 20 types of tRNA acids from IRNA at P over Carry amino enzymes remove amino acids - , site - Process Can produce protein in seconds Permeability of membranes Property determine which substances enter leave theCytoplasm - can or - can be freely selectively , or Impermeable Plasma-allow movement for intercellular communication and coordination characteristics shape lipid Solubility charge · - size , molecular , , electrical Membrane types - passive (do not require ATP diffusion - Carrier-meditated transport - Active (require ATP) - Vesicular transport Diffusion - net movement of a substance from higher to lower concentrations , Influenced by factors such distance temperature forces as , molecule or lon size , , concentration gradient , electrical slow in air and water but Important over small distances - distribution of of rates vary depending on the molecules and presence carrier molecules - Osmosis osmotic pressure - Force of water moving Into a solution with a higher solute concentration - determined by hydrostatic pressure and fluid force osmolarity/tonicity - affects cell volume , cause diffusion of solutes across cell membranes - administering large fluid volumes to patients with blood loss or dehydration can lead to increased cell volume. Carrier-meditated transport O carrier transport hydrophilic/large in proteins molecules across cell membrane moving molecules - , one direction or multiple substances in same direction Passive transport - requires no , limited ATP by the # of available carrier proteins Active transport ATP of concentration energy molecules or is Independent gradients - secondary active transport - not require ATP , often needed to maintain homeostasis associated with transport vesicular transport - materials moving across cell membrane in small sacs called Vesicles , form at or fuse with the plasma membrane Endocytosis - Imports extracellular substances into endosomes Exocytosis moves waste secretory products from intracellular vesicles to outside of Cell - or Cell life Cycle cell division - responsible for initial Cell Increase and Survival Mitosis-produces two with 46 chromosomes daughter cells Meiosis - produce sex cells with 23 chromosomes functions Interphase most active phase for cells not preparing to divide Includes cell growth organelle - - , , duplication , protein Synthesis , DNA M Phase-mitosis/Cytokinesis - Involve division of the cells nucleus Tumors/cancer Cancer-llness that disrupts normal cell division , characterized by DNA Sequence changes - common in tissue and Intestinal cells , Such as Skin lining Tumors - benign or malignant can be removed surgically or spread through Invasion Malignant cells disrupt function performing abnormal functions such as producing abnormal thyroid - or , hormone