Biological Basis Of Behavior Chapter 3 PDF

 Nerve tissue Glia Cells - Structural Support , Insulation ,...

 Nerve tissue Glia Cells - Structural Support , Insulation , makes up 50% brain cells , connected to diseases , Neurons-cells that receive , Integrate and transmit Information Dendrites - receives Information Soma- Axon-transmits away from Soma Communication of neurons Mylein sheath-speeds up transmission Terminal Button-end of axon ; secretes neurotransmitters into synapse Neurotransmitters-Chemical messengers of which interconnect Synapse-point neurons The neural Impulse Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) - giant squid Electrically charged particles (ions) in fluids inside/outside neuron Neuron at rest has negative charge on inside compared to outside 10 Millivolts = resting potential - Action Potential Stimulation causes Cell membrane to open briefly lon channels : flow of sodium (Na + ) Potassium (K + ) Calcium (CA ++) (ci) regulates , , Chloride lon pumps : protien Structures which maintain uneven distribution of ions across the membrane Sodium Channels opens : Na flows into axoplasm (becomes ( + ) inside self-propagation of depolarization: impulse down neural axon Sodium channels close Terminal buttons resting potential restored via potassium channels opening - k" flows outside membrane refectory period  Shift in electrical charge travels along neuron: Action potential , All-or-none law Synapse Chemicals as Signal couriers Synaptic cleft presynaptic neuron - Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters Postsynaptic neuron - receptor Sites - "Lock-and-key" Posthypnotic Potential Voltage Change at receptor Site - postsynaptic potential (PSP) - Not all-or-none - changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing Positive Voltage Shift-exciatory PSP Negative Voltage shift-inhibitory PSP Neural Networks one neuron receives Signals from thousands of other neurons Requires integration of signals - EPSPs add up threshold, reached - If lPSPs and EPSPs balance , then neurons remains at rest Neural networks - patterns of neural activity - interconnected neurons that fire together or sequentially Synaptic links change Synaptic pruning - dendrites - branch extensions of a neuron that receive information from other neurons neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (Ach)-motor neurons and Voluntary muscles - attention , memory , eg. Alzheimers disease motor neurons and voluntary muscles - Implicated in attention , memory -  Specific neurotransmitters work at specific Synapse Lock and key Agnist-mimics neurotransmitters action Antagonist opposes action of neurotransmitters nicotine - a - Interactions between neurotransmitter circuits - Curare Monoamines : Norepinephrine (NE) - CNS and PNS neurons modulates mood , arousal , learning Serotonin (5-HT) critical for sleep wakefulness , Implicated disorders. in aggression eating - , , Dopamine (DA) Important for Voluntary movement - Amino acids GABA (and : glycine transmitters; of the major inhibitory regulates anxiety ; expression of seziures ; modulation of sleep - one. Endorphins encogenous opiates relief and pleasurable "runners high" - pain emotions - - Neuroplasticity brains to the lifespan ability re-organize itself - over Nervous system Central nervous System (CNS) Peripheral nervous System (PNS) - Somatic nervous system Afferent = toward CNS Efferent = away CNS - Automic nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic Parasympathetic Brain Spinal Cord menignes - - Cerebellum  Brain function Three subdivisions : major Hindbrain : Medulla/Pons , reticular formation , cerebellum Midbrain Substanti nigrareticularformationserum : Diencephalon : Thalamus ; Hypothalamus (under Limbic System : Amygdala ; Hippocampus (and parts of thalamus/hypothalmus Cerebrum The cortex folded band for function Cerebral Cortex or grey matter is thickly of tissue responsible higher mental - a - fissures connected to the thalamus. ridges (gyri) Valleys (Sulci - or - - The Cerebrum Two Hemisphere , four lobes Cerebral Hemispheres : two specialized halves - separated by Longitudinal Fissure - connected by the corpus colosseum Left hemisphere verbal processing language Speech reading writing - , - , , , Right hemisphere nonverbal processing spatial musical visual recognition - - , , Aphasia impairment production and understanding Including in reading and writing - in language Speech - language Brocas area , wernickes area on left part of brain Split brain research Roger Sperry-1981 Nobel prize sample-Severe callosum cut epilepsy , Corpus consequences - no transfer of sensory information between hemispheres Image field identification to right Visual verbal = Image to left Visual field= manual identification hand identification object in right Verbal = object in left hand = no verbal but picture identification  Frontal lobe (ie touch sensory perception and integration through Somatosensory Contex -. Spatial awareness navigation - Visuospatial processing - Math logic language - , , Temporal Lobe Audition language prosody - , , Memory - Emotional processing - object recognition - Smell processing - Facial recognition - occipital lobe - vision : - Processing , Perception , spatial awareness , color recognition , movement detection , pattern recognition - visual attention , focus Endocrine system Another to communicate way Hormone : Chemical messenger secreted into bloodstream and can induce effects far from the site of Secretion Negative Feedback : Once a hormone gets to a certain level , the System sends a message to stop secretion Important Endocrine Glands Pituitary Master gland - Secretes substances that influence other and GH oxytocin all glands and - Thyroid controls metabolic rate - - T4. Tz , Calcitonin Adrenal  Controls salt and carb metabolism - - Cortisol , aldosterone, epinephrine , norepinephrine Pancreas Secretes insulin and to control metabolism glucagon Sugar - Gonads - Secrete Sex hormones testosterone , estrogen , progesterone Genes and Behavior The field of behavioral genetics study of the influence of factors traits genetic behavioural - on · chromosomes - strands of DNA carrying genetic information Humans 23 pairs (exept gametes - Genes Each ChromosomeCarries 1000s of genes (also paired - - Genes are dominant or recessive , can be either homozygous or heterozygous , Genotype/phenotype and polygenic inheritance ↑ Homozygous geOPP (Male or female Look the same phenotype Research Methods Family studies - does it run in the family ? Twin Studies - Compare resemblance of identical (monozygotic) and frater a Adoption studies Modern Approaches to the nature vs. Nature Debate & Molecular Genetics : The study of the biochemical bases of genetic inheritance project (2003) Genetic mapping : Locating specific genes (Human Genome Behavioural Genetics - The in-eractionist model " Rose (1995) "We inherit dispositions , not destinies. Richard - -  Evolutionary psychology terms of Behavior in adaptive significance Based on Darwins ideas of natural selection - reproductive success is key Adaptions-behavioral as well as physical - Flight-or-fight - Taste preferences Parental investment and mating -