Chapter 2 PDF

Fs¥¥v hnkva-b-ß-fmWv \ap-°p-Np- ‰pw! F{X-sb{X ImgvN-Iƒ, F{X-sb-{X- i-_vZß - ƒ, Fs¥√mw K‘-ßƒ, sImXn- ∏n-°p∂ cpNn-Iƒ! \sΩ sXm´pw Xtem- Snbpw kt¥mjn∏n-°p-Ibpw Akz-ÿ-s∏- Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂- Fs¥√mw! Chsb \ΩpsS t_m[aﬁ-e-Øn-te°v B\- bn-°p∂ ico-c-Ønse Ihm- S- ß - f mW- t √m C{μn- b - ß ƒ. Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ Hmtcm am‰-hpw Xncn-®-dn™v DNn-X-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°pI F∂Xv Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne- \n¬∏n\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. D±o-]-\-ßsf kzoI-cn-°m≥ ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂Xv Ah-bnse {Kmln-I-fm-Wv. ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ß-fnse hnhn[ {Kmln-Ifpw Ah kzoI-cn-°p∂ D±o-]-\-ßfpw FgpXnt\m°q. $ IÆv {]Imi{Kmln-Iƒ {]Imiw $ sNhn............................................ $ \m°v............................................ $ aq°v............................................ $ Xz°v............................................ {Kmln-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ D±o-]-\-ßƒ Bth-K-ß-fmbn akvXn-jvIØn¬ FØp-tºm-gm-Wt√m \ap°v A\p-`h- ß - ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X - v ˛ Zriym-\p-`h - w, {ihym- \p-`hw XpS-ßn-bh. Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X IÆv C{μn-bm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS F¨]Xp iX-am-\hpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂Xv IÆp-I- fmWv. IÆp-Iƒ Fß-s\-sb√mamWv kwc-£n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p t\m°mw. $ t\{X-tIm-Scw : Xe-tbm-´nbnse IpgnIƒ $ _mly I¨t]in-Iƒ : IÆp- I sf t\{XtIm- S - c - Ø n¬ Dd- ∏ n®p \n¿Øp∂p. $ ]p-cnIw :.................................... $ I¨]o-en-Iƒ :.................................... $ I¨t]m-f-Iƒ :.................................... $ I¨PMvss‰h : D¬∏m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ t«jv a w t\{X- t Km- fØns‚ ap≥`mKw hc≠v t]mImsX kwc- £n-°p-∂p. $ IÆp-\o¿ : IÆns‚ ap≥`mKsØ hrØn-bm-°p-Ibpw \\-hp-≈-Xm°n \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IÆp- \ o- c n- e - S - ß nb ssetkmsskw (Lysozyme) F∂ F≥sskw tcmKm-Wp- °sf \in-∏n-°p-∂p. ImgvN km[y-am-°m≥ IÆns‚ LS\ F{X-am{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn°pw? Nn{Xhpw (2.1) XpS¿∂p≈ Nn{Xo-Ic - Whpw (2.1) \nco-£n-°q. kqN-Ißƒ°\p- k-cn®v N¿®-sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ FgpXq. ZrV-]S- ew c‡-]S- ew sd‰n\ koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ kv\mbp-°ƒ ]oX-_nμp tIm¿Wnb t\{X-\mUn sFdnkv ]yq]nƒ AIzkv Ad se≥kv c‡-°p-ge - p-Iƒ I¨PMvss‰h hn{Sn-bkv Ad A‘-_nμp Nn{Xw 2.1 IÆns‚ LS\ 22 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X IÆnse ]mfn-Iƒ ZrV-]-Sew (Sclera) c‡-]-Sew (Choroid) sd‰n\ (Retina) IÆn\v ZrV-X -\¬Ip∂ [mcmfw _mly]mfn. tbmP-I-I-e-bm¬ c‡-°p-ge - p-Iƒ {]Im-i-{Km-ln-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ \n¿an-Xw. ImW-s∏Sp∂ a[y]mfn. B¥c]mfn. I¨PMvss‰h Zr-V-]-S-e-Øn¬ tIm¿Wnb Hgn-sI-bp≈ `mKsØ Bh-cWw sNbvXv kwc-£n- (Conjunctiva) °p∂ kvXcw. tIm¿Wnb Zr-V-]-S-e-Øns‚ ap≥`m-K-Øp-≈ kpXm-cy-hpw apt∂m´p X≈n-b-Xp-amb `mKw. (Cornea) {]Imic-ivan-Isf IÆnte°p {]th-in-∏n-°p-∂p. sFdnkv tIm¿Wn-b-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Ømbn ImWp∂ c‡-]-S-e-Øns‚ `mKw. saem-\n≥ (Iris) F∂ h¿W-h-kvXp-hns‚ km∂n[yw Ccp≠ -\ndw \¬Ip-∂p. ]yq]nƒ sFdn-kns‚ a[y-`m-KØ - p≈ kpjn-cw. {]ImiXo{h-Xb - v°\ - p-kc - n®v CXns‚ hep∏w (Pupil) {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. se≥kv Cem-kvXn-IX - b - p≈ kpXm-cy-amb tIm¨shIvkv se≥kv. kv\mbp-°ƒ hgn koenbdn (Lens) -t]-in-I-fp-ambn _‘n-®ncn°p-∂p. koen-b-dn-t]-in-Iƒ se≥kns\ Np‰n-bp≈ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ t]in-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kt¶m-Nhpw (Ciliary muscles) hn{iamhÿ {]m]n-°epw se≥kns‚ h{IX {Iao-I-cn--°p-∂p. ]oX-_nμp sd‰n- \ - b n¬ {]Im- i {Kmlo- t Im- i - ß ƒ IqSp- X - e mbn ImW- s ∏- S p∂ `mKw. (Yellow spot) {]Xn_nw_Øn\v G‰hpw sXfn-a-bp-≈Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. A‘_nμp sd‰n-\-bn¬ \n∂v t\{X-\mUn Bcw-`n-°p∂ `mKw. ChnsS {]Imi{KmlotImi- (Blind spot) ßƒ C√. t\{X-\mUn {]Im-i-{KmlotImi-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Bth-K-ßƒ akvXnjvI-Ønse ImgvN-bpsS (Optic nerve) tI{μ-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.1 IÆv ˛ `mK-ßfpw [¿a-ßfpw IÆnse {Zhßƒ AIz-kv {Zhw (Aqueous humor) hn{Sn-b-kv {Zhw (Vitreous humor) tIm¿Wn-b°pw se≥kn\pw CS-bnep≈ AIzkv se≥kn\pw sd‰n-\ bv °pw CS-bn- Ad-bn¬ (Aqueous chamber) \nd-™n-cn°p∂ {Zh-w. ep≈ hn{Sn-bkv Ad-bn¬ (Vitreous c‡-Øn¬\n∂v cq]w-sIm≈p∂p. c‡-Øn-te°v chamber) \nd- ™ n- c n- ° p∂ sP√n ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sNøs∏Sp∂p. IÆnse Ie-Iƒ°v t]mep≈ {Zhw. IÆns‚ BIrXn t]mjWw \¬Ip-∂p. \ne-\n¿Øm≥ klmbn°p∂p. 23 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X kqN- I ßƒ $ IÆnse ]mfn-Iƒ. $ IÆnse {Zh-ßfpw Ah-bpsS [¿a-ß-fpw. $ {]Im-i-{Km-ln-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mKw. $ IÆn¬\n∂v Bth-K-ßƒ akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ FØm-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w. $ IÆnse tImi-ß-fpsS t]mjWw. IÆnse {]Imi{Iao-Ic - Ww tIm¿Wn-b-bn-eqsS IS-°p∂ {]Imiw sFdn-kns‚ a[y-`m-K-Øp≈ ]yq]nƒ F∂ kpjn-c-Øn-eqsSbmWv se≥kn-¬ ]Xn-°p-∂Xv. Xo{h-{]-Imiw D≈n- te°v IS-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ IÆn-ep≈ {Iao-I-cWw F¥mWv? sFdnknse t]iokwhn-[m-\Ø- ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\Ø - m¬ ]yq]n-fns‚ hep∏w {Iao-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Aßs\ {- ]Imi Xo{h-Xb - v°\ - p-krX-ambn se≥kn-te-°p≈ {]Im- i-Øns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n-°s∏-Sp-∂p. Nn{Xw (2.2) \nco£n°q. aßnb {]Im-i-Øn¬ Xo{h{]Im-i-Øn¬ ]yq]nƒ hnI-kn-®n-cn-°p∂p ]yq]nƒ kt¶m-Nn-®n-cn-°p∂p Nn{Xw 2.2 IÆnse {]Imi{Iao-I-cWw hkvXphn¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-^-en®p hcp∂ {]Imi-c-ivan-Iƒ sd‰n-\-bn-¬ t^m°kv tdUn-b¬ t]inbpw (Pupillary dilator) he-bt- ]-inbpw sNøp∂Xn\v tIm¿Wn- b bp- s Sbpw (Pupillary constrictor) se≥kn-s‚bpw h{IX klm-bn-°p-∂p. sFdn-knse he-bt- ]-in-bp-sSbpw tdUn-b¬ t]in- Nn{X-w (2.1) \nco-£n-®p-ht√m? bp- s Sbpw {]XnZzμ{]h¿Ø- \ - Ø n- e q- s S- b mWv tIm¨shIvkv se≥kv BWt√m \ΩpsS ]yq]n-fns‚ hep∏w {Iao-Ic - n-°p-∂X- v. Xo{h-{]-Im- IÆn-ep-≈Xv? i-Øn¬ he-b-t]-in-Iƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p-tºmƒ ]yq]nƒ Npcp-ßp-∂p. aßnb {]Im-iØ - n¬ tdUn- CØcw se≥kn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ {]Xn- b¬ t]in-Iƒ kt¶m-Nn-°ptºmƒ ]yq]nƒ hnI- _nw- _ - Ø ns‚ {]tXy- I - X - I ƒ Fs¥- kn-°p-∂p. knw]X‰nIv hyh-ÿb - psS {]h¿Ø- √mamWv? enÃvsN-øq. \-^-e-ambpw CXp \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ]yq]nfns‚ hep∏w {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hcp dn^vfIvkv $ {]h¿Ø-\a - m-Wv. $ $ 24 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X \ap°v ASp-Øp≈ hkvXp-hn-s\bpw AI-se-bp≈ hkvXp-hn-s\bpw hy‡- ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. IÆn¬\n∂pw hkvXp-°-fpsS AI-e-Øn- \-\p-kc - n®v se≥kns‚ t^m°¬ Zqcw {Iao-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂X - m-Wv CXn\p Imc- W w. km[m- c W se≥kp- I - f n¬ t^m°¬ Zqcw ÿncamWt√m? {]Xn_nw_w hy‡ambn In´p∂Xn\v {Iao-Ic - n-°m≥ se≥kns‚tbm kv{Io\n- s‚tbm ÿm\w amt‰-≠X - p-s≠∂v \nßƒ°-dn-bm-at- √m. F∂m¬ se≥kns‚ t^m°¬ Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpsa∂-XmWv IÆns‚ {]tXy-IX. CXv hy‡-am-°p∂ Nn{Xhpw (2.3) ]´n-Ibpw (2.1) hni-I-e\w sNøq. \nK-a-\- ßƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq. koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ se≥kv kv\mbp-°ƒ AI-se-bp≈ hkvXp-hns\ t\m°p-tºmƒ koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ ASpØp≈ hkvXp-hns\ se≥kv t\m°p-tºmƒ kv\mbp-°ƒ Nn{Xw 2.3 IÆns‚ ka-RvP\£aX ASp-Øp≈ hkvXp-hns\ AI-sebp≈ hkvXp-hns\ t\m°p-tºmƒ t\m°p-tºmƒ koen-b-dn-t]-in-Iƒ koen-b-dn-t]-in-Iƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p-∂p. hn{i-am-h-ÿ-bn-em-Ip-∂p. kv\mbp-°ƒ Ab-bp∂p. kv\mbp-°ƒ hen-bp∂p. se≥kns‚ h{IX IqSp∂p. se≥kns‚ h{IX Ipd-bp-∂p. t^m°¬ Zqcw Ipd-bp∂p. t^m°¬ Zqcw IqSp∂p. ]´nI 2.1 IÆn¬\n∂p hkvXp-hn-te-°p≈ AI-e-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v se≥kns‚ h{I-X- bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-s°m≠v t^m°¬ Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ IÆns‚ Ign- hns\ ka-RvP-\-£-aX (Power of Accomodation) F∂p ]d-bp∂p. 25 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X IÆnse {]Imi{Kmln-Iƒ sd‰n-\-bn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ {]Imiw AXn- sd‰n\ ep≈ {]Im-i-{Km-lo-tIm-i-ßsf D±o-]n- ∏n-°p-∂p. CXp-h-gn-bmWv IÆn¬ Bth- K-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. IÆnse {]Imi {Kmlo- t Im- i - ß - f mWv tIm¨tIm- i - ßfpw(Cones)tdmUptIm-i-ßfpw(Rods). tIm¨tIm-iß - s - f-°mƒ tdmUptIm-iß - - {]Imi{Kmln-Iƒ fmWv FÆ-Øn¬ IqSp-Xep≈-Xv. Nn{Xw 2.4 {]Imi{Kmln-Iƒ tdmUvtImiw tIm¨tImiw Nn{Xw 2.5 tdmUptIm-i-ßfpw tIm¨tImi-ßfpw Nn{X-Øn¬ (5.5) {]Im-i-{KmlotImi-ß-fpsS BIr-Xnbpw t]cp-am-bp≈ _‘w \nco-£n-°q. tdmUptIm-iß- f- n¬ sdmtUm-]vkn≥ (Rhodopsin) F∂ ImgvNm-h¿WIw (Visual pigment) D≠v. CXv Hm]vkn≥ (Opsin) F∂ t{]m´o-\pw hn‰m-an≥ A bn¬\n∂v D≠m-hp-∂ sd‰n-\m¬ (Retinal) F∂ ]Zm¿Yhpw tN¿∂m-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. {]Imi kwth-Z-\-£-aX IqSnb tdmUptIm-i-ßƒ aßnb {]Im-i-Øn¬ t]mepw D±o-]n-°s∏Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hkvXp-°sf aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ ImWm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Chbv°v \nd-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ign-hn-√. tIm¨tIm-i-ß-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂Xv t^mt´m-]vkn≥ (Photopsin) F∂ h¿W-h-kvXp-hmWv. CXns\ Ab-tUm-]vkn≥ (Iodopsin) F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp≠v. tdmtUm]vkns\ t]mse CXpw Hm]vkn-≥, sd‰n-\m¬ F∂o LS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠mbn´p≈-Xm-Wv. {]Im-iØ- nse Nph-∏v, ]®, \oe F∂o h¿Wßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm-≥ klm-bn-°p∂ aq∂p Xcw tIm¨tIm-i-ßƒ \ΩpsS IÆn- ep-≠v. Hm]vkn≥ X∑m-{X-bnse Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-ƒ hyXy-kvX-amb-XmWv Cu sshhn-[y-Øn\p Imc-Ww. tIm¨tImi-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\amWv \ap°v h¿W-°mgvN km[y-am-°p-∂-sX∂v a\-kn-em-b-t√m. 26 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X ImgvN-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´v ]q¿Øn- bm°q. {]Imiw BthKw ImgvN F∂ A\p-`hw ImgvNb - psS ck-X{¥w {]Im-i-ta¬°p-tºmƒ tdmUptImi-ß-fnepw tIm¨tIm-i-ß-fnepw Bth Kßƒ (Impulses) D≠m-hp-∂-Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w {i≤n-°p (Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.2). kqN-I-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v N¿®- sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq. {]Imiw t^mt´m-]vkn≥ sd‰n-\m¬ + Hm]vkn≥ sdmtUm-]vkn≥ sd‰n-\m¬ + Hm]vkn≥ Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.2 {]Im- i - { Km- l o- t Im- i - ß - f nse h¿W- I - ß ƒ {]Im- i - t a¬°p- tºmƒ sd‰n-\mepw Hm]vkn-\p-ambn ImgvN˛ Xo{h-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂v hnL-Sn-°p∂p. aßnb {]Im-i-Øn-te°v Cu cmk-am‰w Bth-K-ßƒ D≠m- tdmUptIm-iß - f - n-sebpw tIm¨tIm-iß - f - n-sebpw h¿W- Ip∂- X n\v Imc- W - a m- I p- ∂ p. Cu I-ßƒ {]Im-it- Øm-Sp≈ kwth-Z\ - £- a- X - bn¬ hyXym-k- s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. sdmtUm-]vkn≥ t\cnb {]Im-i-Øn¬ Bth- K - ß ƒ t\{X- \ mUn hgn t]mepw hnL-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ t^mt´m-]vkn\v IqSnb skdn-{_-ØnseØptºmƒ \ap°v {]Imiw Bh-iy-am-W.v Xo{h-{]-Im-it- a¬°p-tºmƒ ]q¿W- ImgvN A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p.A‘- ambpw hnLSn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ sdmtUm-]k v ns‚ ]p\¿\n¿amWw kqN- I - ß ƒ t^mt´m-]vkns‚ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]p\¿\n¿am-WsØ At]-£n®v hfsc kmh-[m-\a - mWv \S-°p-I. sd‰n-\b - nse $ {]Im-i-{Km-lo-tIm-i-ßfpw A≥]Xp iX-am\w sdmtUm-]vkn≥ ]p\¿\n¿an-°s - ∏-Sm≥ Ah-bnse h¿W-I-ß-fpw. GI-tZiw 5 an\n-‰v Bh-iy-ambn hcp-tºmƒ 90 iX-am\w $ tIm¨tImi-ß-fpsS t^mt´m-]vkn≥ ]p\¿\n¿an-°p∂-Xn\v tIhew Hcp an\n‰v aXn-bmhpw. sdmtUm-]vkns‚ ]p\¿\n¿am-WØ - n\p th≠n- {]h¿Ø\w. h-cp∂ Cu Ime-Xm-ak - a- mWv Xo{h-{]-Im-ia - p≈ ÿe-Øv- $ tdmUptIm-i-ß-fpsS \n∂pw aßnb {]Im-ia - p-≈n-St- Ø°v {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ {]h¿Ø\w. A¬∏w k-ab - t- Ø°v ImgvN Ipd-bm≥ Imc-Ww. $ ImgvN F∂ A\p-`hw 27 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X Zznt\-{X-Z¿i\w Nn{Xw (2.6) \nco-£n°q. \ΩpsS c≠p IÆp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Htc hkvXp- hns‚ c≠v {]Xn-_nw-_ß- ƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p-≠m-In-t√? F¶nepw \ap°v Hcp ImgvN-bmbn am{X-at√ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-dp≈q. Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw CXp km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXp t\m°q. \nß-fpsS CS-XpssI apt∂m´p \o´n hbv°p-I. he- Xp-IÆv AS®p ]nSn-®p-sIm≠v CS-Xp-ssI-bpsS Nq≠v hnc-ens\ t\m°p-I. Xe-bpsS Zni amdmsX CS-Xp- IÆv AS-®p-sIm≠v AtX hnc-ens\ Xs∂ t\m°p- I. hnc-ens‚ ÿm\-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w A\p-`- Nn{Xw 2.6 Zznt\-{X-Z¿i\w h-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? Htc hkvXp-hns‚ c≠v Zni-bn¬ \n∂p≈ {]Xn-_nw-_-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS Hmtcm IÆnepw ]Xn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu c≠p Zriy-ßfpw akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n°p-tºmgmWv \ap°v hkvXp-hns‚ {Xnam\- cq]w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CXmWv Zznt\{XZ¿i\w (Binocular vision). `£-Whpw IÆns‚ Btcm-Kyhpw IÆns‚ ÿm\hpw ImgvNbpw Pohn-I-fn¬ ]cp¥v ImgvN-£-aX IqSnb ]£n- bm-Wv. CXns‚ IÆp-Iƒ ASp-Ø- SpØv ÿnXn- s N- ø p- ∂ - X n- \ mepw IÆn¬ [mcmfw tIm¨tIm-iß - ƒ D≈- X n- \ mepw Imgv N i‡n IqSp- Ibpw F{X Db-cØp-\n∂pw Ccsb hy‡-ambn {]Im-i-{Km-lo-tIm-i-ß-fnse h¿W- I≠p-]nSn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. apb- I-ßfpsS \n¿am-W- L-SIamb sd‰n- ens‚ IÆp-If - psS ÿm\w {i≤n-®n-´p-≠t- √m. hi- \m¬ hn‰m-an≥ A bn¬ \n∂p cq]w ß-fn¬ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ap≥`m-K-ß-fn- sIm≈p∂XmsW∂v a\- n-em-°n-bn- sebpw hi-ßf - n-eqsS Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]n≥`m-KsØ ImgvNbpw km[y-am-Wv. Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw ´p-≠-t√m. hn‰m-an≥ A bpsS e`yX c£ t- \-Sm-\p≈ Hcp A\p-Iq-e\ - a- m-Wn-X.v Cc-]n-Sn-b- Ipd-™m¬ sd‰n-\m-ens‚ Afhv Ipd- ∑m-cpsS IÆp-If - psS ÿm\hpw Cc- bp-∂p. CXv tdmUptImißfnse I-fpsS IÆp-If - psS ÿm\hpw bYm- sdmtUm-]vkns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°m≥ {Iaw Ah- b psS th´bv ° pw CS- b m- ° pw. am{X- h p- a √ sdmtUm- c£bv°pap≈ A\p-Iq-e\ - ß - f - m-W.v ]vkns‚ ]p\¿\n¿am-Whpw XS- - 28 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X s∏-Spw. CXv \nim-‘X (Night blindness) F∂ Ahÿbv°v ImcWamIp-w. \nim-‘X _m[n® hy‡n°v aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ hkvXp-°sf hy‡- ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. hn‰man≥ A bpsS XpS¿®-bmb A`mhw aqew t\{Xm-h-c-Whpw tIm¿Wn-bbpw hc≠v tIm¿Wnb AXm-cy-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXv kntdm^vXm¬anb (Xerophthalmia) F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°pw XpS¿∂v A‘-X-bn-te°pw \bn-°pw. hn‰m-an≥ A AS-ßnb `£-W-ßƒ Ign-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw CXn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Wt√m. t\{X-ssh-Ie - y-ßƒ ˛ tcmK-ßƒ Nne t\{X-ssh-I-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. Ahbpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ß-fpw ]´n-I-bm°q. $ atbm-]nb :.................................................. $............................................................................ $............................................................................ a‰p Nne t\{Xssh-I-ey-ßƒIqSn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sq. h¿Wm-‘X (Colour blindness) Nn{Xw (2.7) \nco-£n-°q. \nßƒ°v AXn-se-gp-Xnbncn-°p∂ kwJy hy‡- ambn hmbn- ° m≥ Ign- b p∂pt≠m? sd‰n- \ - b n¬ Nph∏v, ]®, \oe F∂o \ndßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ tIm¨tIm-i-ß-ƒ Ds≠∂v \nßƒ°-dn-bm-a-t√m. Ah-bn¬ Nph-∏v, ]® F∂o \nd-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ tIm¨tIm-i-ß-fpsS XI-cm-dp -aq-e- ap-≠m-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv h¿Wm-‘-X. Cu tcmK-ap- ≈-h¿°v Nph∏pw ]®bpw \nd-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. h¿Wm-‘-X-bp-≈-hsc ss{Uh¿, ss]e‰v apX- Nn{Xw 2.7 emb tPmen-Iƒ G¬∏n-°m-Ø-Xns‚ Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°pw? t mt°ma (Glaucoma) IÆnse Ie-Iƒ°v t]mjWw \¬Ip∂ {Zh-am-Wt√m AIz-kv {Z-hw. CXv c‡-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m-hp-Ibpw c‡-Øn-te°v Xncn®v B-Kn-cWw sNø-s∏- Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ CXns‚ ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw \S-°msX hcp-tºmƒ IÆn-\p-≈n¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ AXn-a¿Z-am-Wv t mt°m-abv°v ImcWw. CXv sd‰n-\bv°pw {]Imi{Kmlo-tIm-i-ß-ƒ°pw \mi-ap-≠m°n A‘-X-bn-te°p \bn-°pw. Cu Ah-ÿ tek¿ ikv{X-{In-b-bn-eqsS ]cn-lcn°m-hp∂-XmWv. 29 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X Xnancw (Cataract) IÆnse se≥kv AXm-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xp-aqew ImgvN \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bm- Wn-Xv. se≥kv am‰n-hb - v°¬ ikv{X-{In-bb - n-eqsS CXv ]cn-lc - n-°m-hp-∂XmWv. sN¶-Æv (Conjunctivitis) I¨PMvss‰hsb _m[n-°p∂ AWp-_m-[-bmWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. _mIvSo- cnb, sshdkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv tcmK-Im-cn-Iƒ. kv]¿i\-Øn-eqsSbpw a‰pamWv Cu tcmKw ]I-cp-∂-Xv. ipNnXzw ]men-°p-∂XneqsS Hcp ]cn-[n- hsc Cu tcmKsØ XS-bmw. t\{X-Zm\w alm-Zm\w \nß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ as‰m-cmƒ°v ]pXp-sh-fn-®-ta-Is´! t]mkv‰¿ {i≤n-°q. IÆns‚ kwc-£-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw t\{X-Zm-\-Øns‚ al- Xz-sØ-°p-dn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]mÃ¿ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n°q. sNhn i_vZ-{]-]©sØ \ΩpsS t_m[-X-e-Ønte°v B\-bn-°p∂ C{μn-b-amWv sNhn. Fs¥¥v sshhn[yam¿∂ i_vZ-ß-fmWv \ap°pNp‰pw! ImgvN-t]mse Xs∂ i_vZhpw \sΩ {]h¿Ø\\nc-X-cm-°p-∂p. tIƒhn°v klm-b-I-c-am- Ip-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w ico-c-Xp-e-\-\ne ]me-n°p∂Xn\pw sNhn klm-bn-°p∂p. Nn{Xw (2.8) \nco-£n-°q. _mly-I¿Ww B - ¥ - c - I - ¿Ww a[y-I¿Ww Nn{Xw 2.8 sNhn-bpsS LS\ 30 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X sNhn°v _mly-I¿Ww, a[y-I-¿Ww, B¥-c-I¿Ww F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-`m-K- ß-fmWp≈Xv. Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw LS\ hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. _mlyI¿Ww (External Ear) I¿W-\mfw (Auditory canal) i_vZX- c- w-Kß - sf I¿W-]S- Ø - n-te°v \bn°p∂p. I¿W- \ m- f - Ø nse tcma-ßƒ, I¿WsagpIv F∂nh sNhn-°pS (Pinna) s]mSn-]-S-e-ßfpw tcmKm-Wp-°-fpw i_v-Z-X-cw-K-ßsf {]th-in-°p-∂Xp XS-bp-∂p. I¿W-\m-f-Øn- te°p \bn-°p-∂p. Nn{Xw 2.9 _mly-I¿Ww ˛ `mK-ßƒ Nn{Xw (2.9) \nco-£n®v kqN-Ißƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°q. kqN- I ß- ƒ $ _mly-I¿W-Øns‚ `mK-ßƒ GsX-√m-amWv? $ sNhn-°pS tIƒhn°p klm-bn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? $ I¿W-sa-gp-Ins‚ {]m[m\yw F¥v? a[y-I¿Ww (Middle Ear) Nn{Xw (2.10) \nco£n-®v a[y-I¿W-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - psS [¿aw a\- n-em-°q. I¿W-]Sw a[y-I¿WsØ _mly-I¿W-Øn¬ Aÿn irwJe \n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn- ep≈ kvXcw. i_vZ-X-cw-K-ßƒ°\p- I¿W-]-S-Ønse Iº-\ßsf k-cn®v Iº\w sNøp∂ kvXcw. h¿≤n-∏n®v B¥-c-I¿W-Øn- amen-bkv te°v FØn-°p-∂p. C≥Ikv tÃ]nkv Hmh¬ hn≥tUm tÃ∏n- k ns‚ Ne- \ ØneqsS tIm¢nbbnse {Zh-Øns‚ Ne- \-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. bqtÃ-jy≥ \mfn du≠v hn≥tUm a[y- I ¿WsØ {Kk- \ n- b p- a mbn tIm¢n-b° - I-Øp≈ {Zh-Øns‚ _‘n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p.Ccp- h - i - s Øbpw Ne-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. a¿Zw Xpey-am°n I¿W-]SsØ kwc- £n-°p∂p. Nn{Xw 2.10 a[y-I¿Ww ˛ `mK-ßƒ 31 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X _mly-I¿W-Øn\pw B¥-c-I¿W-Øn\pw CS-bn-ep≈ Hcp sNdnb Ad-bm- Wv a[yI¿Ww. I¿W-]Shpw (Tympanum) amen-bk - v (Malleus), C≥I-kv (Incus), tÃ]nkv (Stapes) F∂o AÿnirwJ-e-bp-amWv CXns‚ {][m\ `mK-ßƒ. I¿W-]Sw a[y-I¿WsØ _mly-I¿W-Øn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ a[y-I¿WsØ B¥-c-I¿W-Øn¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Aÿn-\n¿an-X- amb Hcp `nØn-bm-Wv. Cu `nØn-bn¬ kvXc-ß-fm¬ AS-bv°-s∏´ c≠p kpjn-cß - ƒ- ImWs∏Sp-∂p. apI-fn-esØ kpjncsØ Hmh¬ hn≥tUm (Oval window) F∂pw Xmsgbp≈Xns\ du≠v hn≥tUm (Round window) F∂pw ]dbp∂p. Aÿn-irw-Je I¿W-]-SsØ Hmh¬ hn≥tUm aptJ\ B¥-c- I¿W-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. kqN- I ßƒ $ Aÿn-irw-J-e-bpsS [¿aw. $ bqtÃ-jy≥ \mfn-bpsS [¿aw. B¥-c-I¿Ww (Internal Ear) A¿[-hr-ØmImc B¥-cI - ¿Ww ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv Xe-tbm- Ipg-ep-Iƒ- Snse Aÿn \n¿Ωn-X-amb Ad-bv°p-≈n- shÃn-_p-em¿ em-Wv (Bony labyrinth). Cu Aÿn Ad- \mUn bv°p-≈n¬ kvXc-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Ad-Ifpw (Membraneous labyrinth) D≠v. kvXc Ad- bv°p-≈n¬ F≥tUm-enw^v (Endolymph) F∂ {Zhhpw kvXc Adbv°pw Aÿn {ih-W \ - mUn Ad-bv°p-an-S-bn¬ s]cn-enw^v (Perilymph) F∂ {Zhhpw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. A¿≤-hr- Øm- I mc Ipg- e p- I ƒ, shÃn- _ yqƒ, shÃn-_yqƒ tIm¢nb F∂n-h-bmWv B¥c I¿W- Øns‚ apJy-`m-K-ßƒ. A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc Ipg-ep-Ifpw shÃn-_yqfpw ico-c-Xp-e-\- Nn{Xw 2.11 B¥-c-I¿Ww ˛ \ne ]men- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw tIm¢nb `mK-ßƒ tIm¢nb tIƒhn°pw klm-bn-°p-∂p. sNhnbpw tIƒhnbpw H®ns‚ tXmSp-t]mse Npcp-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ipg-emWv tIm¢n-b. CXn\v aq∂v Ad-Iƒ D≠v. a[y-A-d-sbbpw XmgsØ Ad-sbbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ t_kn-em¿ kvXc-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ khn-tij tcma-tIm-i-ß-fmWv i_vZ- {Km-ln-If - mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v. _mly-I¿W-Øn-eqsS FØp∂ i_vZX - cwK- ßƒ I¿W-]SsØ Nen-∏n-°p-∂p. I¿W-]S-Øns‚ Ne\w Aÿn-irw-Jesb 32 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X Nen-∏n-°p-∂p. Aÿn-irw-J-e-bpsS Ne\w Hmh¬ hn≥tUm-bnse kvXcsØ Nen-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv tIm¢n-b-bnse {ZhØns‚ Ne-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXpaqew tIm¢n-b-bnse t_kn-em¿ kvXc-Ønse tcma-tIm-i-ßƒ DtØ- Pn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Bth-K-ßƒ krjvSn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Bth- K-ßƒ {ih-W-\m-Un- hgn skdn-{_-Øn¬ FØn tIƒhn F∂ A\p-`hw km[y-am-°p-∂p. tcma-tIm-i-ßƒ Hmh¬ hn≥tUm s]cn-enw^v F≥tUmenw^v t_kn-em¿ kvXcw Nn{Xw 2.12 tIm¢nbbpsS LS\ (\nh¿Ønb cq]-Øn¬) Nn{Xw (2.12) Dw NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´pw \nco-£n-°q. tIƒhn- bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ipdn∏p kb≥kv Ubdnbn¬ Xbm-dm-°q. sNhn-°pS I¿W-\mfw I¿W-]Sw Aÿn-irw-J-e-Iƒ Hmh¬ hn≥tUm tIm¢nb tcma-tIm-i-ßƒ BthKw {ih-W-\mUn skdn{_w tIƒhn F∂ A\p-`hw sNhnbpw ico-cX - p-e\ - \ - ne ]me-\hpw icocXpe-\-\n-e-]m-e-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ B¥-c-I¿W-Ønse `mK-ßsf s]mXp-hmbn shÃn-_p-em¿ A∏m-c-‰kv (Vestibular apparatus) F∂mWv hnfn- °p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw (2.13) \nco-£n®v shÃn_p-em¿ A∏m-c-‰knse {Kmln-I- fpsS hn\ym-khpw {Iao-Ic- W - hpw kqNIßƒ°-\p-kc - n®v hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq. shÃn-_yq-fns‚ `mK-amb bq{Sn-°nƒ, kmIyqƒ F∂o Ad-Ifpw aq∂p A¿[- hr-Øm-Imc Ipg-ep-Ifpw tN¿∂-XmWv shÃn-_p-em¿ A∏m-c-‰kv. shÃn-_yq- fnepw A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-I-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ tcma-tIm-i-ß-fpsS cq]- Øn-ep≈ {Kmlo-tImi kaq-l-ß-fmWv icocXpe-\-\n-e-]m-e-\-Øn-\p≈ {Kmln-Iƒ. ico-c-N-e-\-ßƒ shÃn-_yq-fnepw A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-I-fn- ep-ap≈ {Zhßsf Nen-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv {Kmln-I-fmb tcma-tIm-i-ßsf 33 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X Nen-∏n®v Bth-K-ßsf krjvSn-°p-∂p. Cu Bth-K-ßƒ shÃn-_yq-em¿ \mUn hgn skdn-s_-√-Øn-te°p kwh-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v ico- c-Xp-e-\-\n-e- ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]io-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ skdn-s_√w {Iao- I-cn°p∂p. A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc shÃn-_ypƒ Ipg-ep-Iƒ shÃn-_ypem¿ \mUn tcma -tIm-i-ßƒ tcma-tImiw Nn{Xw 2.13 sNhn ˛ shÃn-_p-em¿ A∏m-c-‰kv kqN- I ßƒ $ ico-cX - p-e\ - \ - n-e] - m-e\ - h - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ B¥-cI - ¿W-Øns‚ `mK-ßƒ. $ shÃn_yq-fnse {Kmln-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ. $ ico-c-Xp-e-\-\n-ebnep≈ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v skdn-s_-√-Øn\v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ßs\? cpNn-bd - n-bm≥ `£Ww \ap-°n-jSv s - ∏-Sm≥ Im-cWw {][m-\a - mbpw kzmZv apIp-fw AXns‚ cpNn- X-s∂bt√? hmbv° - p-≈nepw \m°n- epap≈ cmk-{Km-ln-Iƒ (Chemoreceptors) BWv cpNn- ]m∏ne b-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂X -.v Ch IqSp-Xe - mbpw D≈Xv \m°ns‚ D]-cn-Xe - Ø - n-em-W.v \m°ns‚ D]-cn-Xe - - Øn¬ Db¿∂p\n¬°p∂ `mK-ßf - mWv ]m∏n-eIƒ (Papillae). Nn{Xw (2.14) \nco-£n-°q. ]m∏n-eIfn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ cmk-{Kmln-tIm-i-ß- Nn{Xw 2.14 \m°nse {Kmln-Iƒ - ƒ (Taste buds). a[p-cw (Sweet), fmWv kzmZvap-Ip-fß D∏v (Salt) , ]pfn (Sour) , Ibv]v (Bitter) 34 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X XpS-ßnb cpNn-I-fm¬ D±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzmZv-ap-Ip-f-ß-fmWv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. cpNn°v Imc-W-am-hp∂ h-kvXp-°-ƒ Dan-\o-cn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw kzmZvapIp-f-ß- fn¬ FØn Ahsb D±o-]n-∏n-°pIbpw CXp-aqew Bth-K-ßfp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu BthKßƒ akvXnjvIØnseØpIbpw \ap°v cpNn A\p- `-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kqNIßƒ $ \m°nse kzmZv apIpfßfpsS hn\ymkw. $ Dan-\ocpw cpNnbpw. K‘ {Kmln-Iƒ $ cpNn F∂ A\p-`hw. K‘-ad - n-bm≥ \mw Fßs\-bmWv K‘w Adn-bp-∂Xv? NphsS \¬In-b hnh-c-Whpw Nn{Xhpw t«jvaw (2.15) hni- I - e \w sNbvXv Ipdn∏p Xbmdm°q. K‘-\mUn hkvXp-°-fn¬\n∂p hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp∂ K‘-I-Wn-I-Iƒ D—zm-k-hmbp hgn aq°n- t«jva- {K-ŸnIƒ te°v {]th-in-°p-∂p. Cu K‘-IW - n-II - ƒ K‘-{Km-ln-Iƒ aq°n-\p-≈nse t«jva-Øn¬ ebn®v K‘ \mkm-Kl - zcw -{Km-ln-I-sf D±o-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Bth-K-ß- fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. K‘-{Km-ln-I- fn¬\n∂p≈ Bth-K-ßƒ skdn-{_-Øn- Nn{Xw 2.15 {K‘{Km-ln-Iƒ seØn \ap°v K‘w A\p`h-s∏-Sp∂p. Xz°neqsSbpw A\p-`h - ß - ƒ Xz°n-eqsS \nßƒ°v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ D±o-]-\-ß-tf-sX-√m-am-Wv? $ NqSv $ thZ\{Kmln kv]¿i{Kmln $ Xz°n-¬ GsX√mw D±o-]-\-ßƒ kzoI- a¿Z{Kmln cn-°m-\p≈ {Kmln-If- p-≠v? Nn{Xw (2.16) \nco-£n®v \nK-a-\-ßƒ Ipdn-°q. NqSv{Kmln XWp-∏p-{Kmln Xz°n¬ Cu {Kmln- I - s f√mw Htc t]mse F√m-bn-SØpw Dt≠m? Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXpt\m°q. Nn{Xw 2.16 Xz°v 35 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X t_mƒt]mbn‚ v t]\-bpsS c≠v do^n-√-dp-Iƒ FSp-°p-I. \nß-fpsS kplr-Øn-t\mSv IÆ-S®v ssI \o´m≥ ]d-bpI. do^n-√d- ns‚ c≠v t]mbn‚- dp-Ifpw tN¿Øv BZyw ssIhn-c¬ Xpºnepw XpS¿∂v ssIX-≠b - nepw hbv°p-I. ssIhnc¬Øpºnepw ssIØ-≠b - nepw D≠mb A\p-`-h-ßƒ kplr-Øn-t\mSv tNmZn-°q. Fs¥- ¶ nepw hyXym- k - ß - f pt≠m? Ds≠- ¶ n¬ F¥mhmw ImcWw? ImgvNbn√m-Øh - ¿ s{_bnen en]n hnc¬Øp-ºv D]-tbm-Kn®v hmbn-°p-∂-Xns‚ clkyw ]nSn-In-´n-bt√m. \ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Nne Pohn-I-fnse hnhn[ {Kmln-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I- X-Ifpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (2.3) \nco-£n-°q. \nK-a-\-ßƒ kb≥kv Ub- dn-bn¬ tN¿°q. Ham-‰o-Unb sF kvt]m´v (Eye spot) (Ommatidia) {]Imiw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ham-‰o-Unb F∂ [mcmfw {]Im-i- {Kmlo kwhn-[m-\- ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂- XmWv jUv]-Z-ß- fpsS IÆv. πt\-dnb Cu® tP°-_vk¨kv Hm¿K≥ (Jacobson's Organ) ]m¿iz-hc (Lateral line) ]mºns‚ \m°n¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn- ico-c-Øns‚ Ccphi-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ °p∂ K‘- I - W n- I - I ƒ ]m¿iz-hc - I - ƒ°p-≈n¬ Xpe\ hmbpsS apIƒ`mK-Øp≈ \ne-bnep≈ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm- tP°-_vk¨kv Hm¿K-\n¬ \p≈ {KmlnIfp≠v. FØp-∂p. At∏mƒ Ahn- sS- b p≈ K‘- { Km- l n- I ƒ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂p. £a-XI- q-Snb K‘-{Km-ln-Iƒ {kmhv ]mºv Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.3 Pohn-I-fnse {Kmln-Iƒ Pohn-Iƒ°v Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂Xv ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ß-fn-eq- sSbpw Ah-bnse hyXykvX {Kmln-I-fpsSbpw klm-b-Øm-emsW∂v a\- n-em-b-t√m. Pohn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m\pw Cu `qap-JØv \ne-\n¬°m\pw Pohn-Iƒ°v CXp-hgn km[n-°p∂p. 36 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X $ a\p-jy-\nse ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ß-fpsS LS-\sb°pdn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. $ ImgvN F∂ A\p-`hw km[-y-am-Ip∂sXßs\sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. $ IÆn\p-≠m-hp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ, tcmK-ßƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. $ tIƒhn F∂ {]{Inb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. $ icocXpe\\ne -]m-e-\-Øn\v sNhn klm-bn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. $ hm-bn¬ cpNn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. $ K‘w F∂ A\p-`hw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. $ Xz°n-eqsS A\p-`-hn-°m-hp∂ D±o-]-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. 1. ASp-Øp≈ hkvXp-°sf t\m°p-tºmƒ (a) koen-b-dn-t]-in-Iƒ hn{i-am-h-ÿ-bn-em-Ip-∂p. (b) se≥kns‚ h{IX Ipd-bp-∂p. (c) koen-bdn t]inIƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p-∂p. (d) t^m°¬ Zqcw IqSp-∂p. 2. Iq´-Øn¬ s]-Sm-ØXv Is≠Øn a‰p-≈-h-bpsS s]mXpkhn-ti-j-X- Iƒ Fgp-XpI. amen-b-kv, bqtÃ-jy≥ \mfn, tÃ]n-kv, C≥Ikv 37 Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ X 3. Nn{Xw ]I¿Øn hc®v kqN-\I-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ `mK-ßƒ Xncn-®- dn™v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI kqN\Iƒ a. ]yq]n-fns‚ hep∏w -{I-ao- Icn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ t]in-Iƒ D≈ `mKw. b. hn{Sn-b-kv {Zhw \nd-™n-cn- °p∂ Ad. c. {]Im-i{- KmlotImi-ßf - p≈ IÆnse ]mfn. $ "t\{Xkw-c£-Whpw t\{X-tcm-K-ßfpw' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ¢mkv Xe skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. $ hnhn[ Pohn-I-fnse ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcti-J-cWw \SØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. 38

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