Chapter2-2.docx

**Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Martini)** ======================================================== **Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization** Multiple-Choice Questions 1\) The smallest stable units of matter are A\) atoms. B\) molecules. C\) protons. D\) neutrons. E\) el...

**Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Martini)** ======================================================== **Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization** Multiple-Choice Questions 1\) The smallest stable units of matter are A\) atoms. B\) molecules. C\) protons. D\) neutrons. E\) electrons. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 2\) The \"atomic number\" of an atom is determined by the number of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ it has. A\) electrons B\) protons C\) neutrons D\) protons + neutrons E\) protons + electrons Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 3\) The \"atomic weight\" of an atom reflects the average number of A\) protons. B\) neutrons. C\) electrons. D\) protons + neutrons. E\) protons + neutrons + electrons. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 4\) One mole of any element A\) has the same mass. B\) has the same weight. C\) has the same number of atoms. D\) has the same number of electrons. E\) All of the answers are correct. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 5\) The nucleus of an atom consists of A\) electrons. B\) protons. C\) neutrons. D\) protons + neutrons. E\) protons + electrons. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 6\) Isotopes of an element differ in the number of A\) protons in the nucleus. B\) electrons in the nucleus. C\) neutrons in the nucleus. D\) electron clouds. E\) electrons in energy shells. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 7\) The mass number represents the number of A\) protons in an atom. B\) electrons in an ion. C\) neutrons in an atom. D\) protons + neutrons. E\) neutrons + electrons. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 8\) The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons. A\) 1 B\) 2 C\) 4 D\) 6 E\) 8 Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 9\) Radioisotopes have unstable A\) ions. B\) nuclei. C\) isotopes. D\) electron clouds. E\) protons. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 10\) By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? A\) sulfur B\) sodium C\) oxygen D\) potassium E\) carbon Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 11\) Indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements. A\) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen B\) selenium, hydrogen, calcium C\) boron, oxygen, carbon D\) silicon, fluorine, tin E\) cobalt, calcium, sodium Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 12\) The atomic number represents the number of A\) electrons in an atom. B\) protons in an atom. C\) neutrons in an atom. D\) protons and neutrons in an atom. E\) chemical bonds the atom may form. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 13\) Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it A\) is neutral in electrical charge. B\) readily ionizes to react with other atoms. C\) has a full outer electron shell. D\) will form a covalent bond with another He atom. E\) lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 14\) Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus? A\) helium B\) neon C\) argon D\) hydrogen E\) carbon Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 15\) By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body? A\) oxygen B\) carbon C\) hydrogen D\) nitrogen E\) calcium Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 16\) The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ it has. A\) electrons B\) protons C\) neutrons D\) protons + neutrons E\) protons + electrons Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 17\) If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is A\) 26. B\) 16. C\) 18. D\) 8. E\) 12. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 18\) If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a neutral atom of this element contains A\) 6 protons. B\) 8 electrons. C\) 8 neutrons. D\) 6 protons and 8 electrons. E\) 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 19\) The molecule NO is known as A\) nitric oxide. B\) noxious oxide. C\) noxious oxygen. D\) nitric oxygen. E\) nitrous oxide. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 20\) The molecule CO2 is known as A\) carbonized oxygen. B\) carbonated oxygen. C\) carbon monoxide. D\) carbon oxide. E\) carbon dioxide. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 21\) The molecule H2 is known as A\) hydrohydrogen. B\) hydrogen. C\) hydroxide. D\) helium. E\) semi-water. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 22\) When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, A\) an ion is formed. B\) a molecule is formed. C\) a hydrogen bond is formed. D\) an ionic bond is formed. E\) a covalent bond is formed. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 23\) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of A\) +1. B\) +2. C\) -1. D\) -2. E\) either +2 or -2. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 24\) Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is **false**? A\) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. B\) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. C\) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules. D\) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together. E\) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 25\) The molecule O2 is known as A\) oxide. B\) oxygen. C\) organic. D\) oxate E\) a salt Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 26\) H2O is an example of a(n) A\) ionic formula. B\) glucose molecule. C\) compound. D\) ion. E\) covalent formula. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 27\) Which of the following is not a cation? A\) Na+ B\) Cl- C\) K+ D\) Ca2+ E\) Mg2+ Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 28\) A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates A\) surface tension. B\) chemical tension. C\) static electricity. D\) heat capacity. E\) hydrophilic attraction. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 29\) In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward A\) sodium. B\) salt. C\) buffers. D\) anions. E\) hydrogen ions. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 30\) In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward A\) a negative terminal. B\) a positive terminal. C\) a pH terminal. D\) an organic terminal. E\) the bottom. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 31\) The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by A\) the number of protons. B\) the number of neutrons. C\) the outermost electron shell. D\) the size of the atom. E\) the mass of the nucleus. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 32\) Ions with a + charge are called A\) cations. B\) anions. C\) radicals. D\) positrons. E\) isotopes. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 33\) The weakest bond between two atoms is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bond. A\) ionic B\) covalent C\) polar D\) nonpolar E\) hydrogen Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 34\) When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form A\) ionic bonds. B\) covalent bonds. C\) hydrogen bonds. D\) anions. E\) cations. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 35\) Ionic bonds are formed when A\) atoms share electrons. B\) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. C\) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms. D\) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms. E\) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 36\) If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs. A\) single covalent bond B\) double covalent bond C\) triple covalent bond D\) polar covalent bond E\) hydrogen bond Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 37\) Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons A\) will form many compounds. B\) will normally form anions. C\) will normally form cations. D\) frequently form hydrogen bonds. E\) are inert gases. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 38\) Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to A\) the sharing of electrons. B\) the attraction of opposite electrical charges. C\) each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule. D\) the presence of water molecules. E\) the attraction of similar charges of the ions\' protons. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 39\) An unequal sharing of electrons results in what type of chemical bonds? A\) polar covalent B\) covalent C\) ionic D\) hydrogen E\) peptide Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 40\) Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom? A\) 1 B\) 2 C\) 3 D\) 4 E\) 8 Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 41\) Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many **additional** electrons to fill its outer electron shell? A\) 1 B\) 2 C\) 4 D\) 6 E\) 8 Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 42\) The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent? A\) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms B\) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms C\) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon and a hydrogen atom D\) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms E\) an inorganic compound with ionic bonds Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 43\) In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas the electron acceptor is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A\) acid, base B\) salt, ion C\) anion, cation D\) base, acid E\) cation, anion Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 44\) In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a(n) A\) single trivalent bond. B\) double divalent bond. C\) triple covalent bond. D\) polar covalent bond. E\) hydrogen bond. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 45\) In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A\) two calcium atoms B\) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons C\) a calcium ion that has gained two protons D\) a calcium ion that has gained two electrons E\) a calcium ion that has lost two protons Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 46\) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain A\) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine. B\) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine. C\) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine. D\) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine. E\) impossible to tell without more information Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 47\) AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to A\) exchange. B\) synthesis. C\) combustion. D\) replacement. E\) metabolism. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 48\) The reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 is an example of a(n) A\) exchange reaction. B\) decomposition reaction. C\) synthesis reaction. D\) enzyme reaction. E\) metabolic reaction. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 49\) The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n) A\) exergonic reaction. B\) endergonic reaction. C\) equilibrium reaction. D\) decomposition reaction. E\) exchange reaction. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 50\) In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with A\) hydrogen, causing decomposition. B\) glucose, causing decomposition. C\) water, causing decomposition. D\) carbon, causing decomposition. E\) water, causing synthesis. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 51\) Which one of the following statements is **not** correct about the reaction H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl? A\) H2 and Cl2 are the reactants. B\) HCl is the product. C\) One molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms. D\) Two molecules of HCl are formed in the reaction. E\) This reaction is easily reversible. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 52\) In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds A\) lose water molecules. B\) gain water molecules. C\) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen. D\) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water. E\) gain electrons. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 53\) In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ O2 A\) 2 B\) 4 C\) 6 D\) 8 E\) 10 Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 54\) Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be A\) endergonic. B\) activated. C\) exergonic. D\) neutral. E\) thermonuclear. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-4 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 55\) All of the following are true concerning enzymes, **except** that they A\) are proteins. B\) function as biological catalysts. C\) lower the activation energy required for a reaction. D\) affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. E\) are consumed during the reaction. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-4 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 56\) Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called A\) inorganic compounds. B\) organic compounds. C\) nutrients. D\) metabolites. E\) enzymes. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-5 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 57\) Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, **except** A\) water. B\) acids. C\) bases. D\) salts. E\) carbohydrates. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-5 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 58\) Identify which of the following is both an anion and a compound: A\) Na+ B\) Cl- C\) K+ D\) HCO3- E\) NaCl Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-5 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 59\) Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of A\) electrolytes. B\) molecules that will dissociate when placed into water. C\) hydrophobic compounds. D\) hydrophilic compounds. E\) solutes. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 60\) During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called A\) cations. B\) anions. C\) acids. D\) electrolytes. E\) counterions. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 61\) Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by A\) heat capacity of water. B\) hydration spheres. C\) water\'s nonpolar nature. D\) free radicals. E\) hydrogen bonding. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 62\) An example of an inorganic substance is A\) fructose. B\) water. C\) glycerol. D\) carbon dioxide. E\) water and carbon dioxide. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 63\) Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with A\) lipid molecules. B\) hydrophobic molecules. C\) water molecules. D\) acids. E\) salts. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 64\) Which of the following statements about water is **not** correct? A\) It is composed of polar molecules. B\) It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body. C\) It has a relatively low heat capacity. D\) It can dissolve many substances. E\) It contains hydrogen bonds. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 65\) Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized? A\) kinetic energy B\) lubrication C\) surface tension D\) reactivity E\) thermal inertia Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 66\) Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? A\) pH 1 B\) pH 14 C\) pH 7 D\) pH 10 E\) pH 2 Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 67\) Which pH is closest to normal body pH? A\) pH 7 B\) pH 8 C\) pH 4 D\) pH 3 E\) pH 2 Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 68\) A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ releases hydrogen ions. A\) acid; base B\) base; acid C\) compound; element D\) element; compound E\) molecule; acid Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 69\) An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can A\) break chemical bonds. B\) change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional. C\) disrupt tissue functions. D\) change body fluid pH. E\) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 70\) A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is A\) acidic. B\) basic. C\) neutral. D\) alkaline. E\) in equilibrium. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 71\) The chemical notation that indicates concentration is represented as A\) (). B\) \. C\) \[ \]. [ ] D\) {}. E\) \|\|. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 72\) If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is A\) neutral. B\) acidic. C\) alkaline. D\) a buffer. E\) a salt. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 73\) Which pH of the following is the most acidic? A\) pH 2 B\) pH 6 C\) pH 4 D\) pH 3 E\) pH 1 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 74\) Which pH of the following is the least acidic? A\) pH 2 B\) pH 6 C\) pH 4 D\) pH 3 E\) pH 1 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 75\) An important buffer in body fluids is A\) NaCl. B\) NaOH. C\) HCl. D\) NaHCO3. E\) H2O. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 76\) Which of the following substances would be most acidic? A\) lemon juice, pH = 2 B\) urine, pH = 6 C\) tomato juice, pH = 4 D\) white wine, pH = 3 E\) stomach secretions, pH = 1 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 77\) Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is A\) 6.0. B\) 4.5. C\) 2.3. D\) 1.0. E\) 12.0. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 78\) Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4? A\) A pH of 4 is greater. B\) A pH of 5 is greater. C\) They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. D\) pH 9, if you mixed the solutions. E\) There is not enough information to determine. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 79\) In the body, inorganic compounds **A) can serve as buffers.** B\) can make up proteins. C\) are made from organic compounds. D\) are structural components of cells. E\) are metabolized for cellular energy. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-8 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 80\) When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be A\) a strong base. B\) a weak base. C\) a strong acid. D\) a weak acid. E\) a salt. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-8 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 81\) When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, **except** A\) Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. B\) Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. C\) Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. D\) Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. E\) Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-8 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 82\) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as A\) organic molecules. B\) inorganic molecules. C\) acids. D\) salts. E\) bases. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 83\) A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of A\) elements that occur in a salt. B\) atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of. C\) atoms that function in the body. D\) elements that form at high pH. E\) amino acids in a globular protein. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 84\) Artificial sweeteners A\) are naturally similar to sugars. B\) are always some form of carbohydrate. C\) are usually not broken down by the body. D\) are inorganic sugar substitutes. E\) provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 85\) Fructose is A\) a hexose. B\) an isomer of glucose. C\) found in male reproductive fluids. D\) a carbohydrate. E\) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 86\) Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called A\) isotopes. B\) isomers. C\) isozymes. D\) isotypes. E\) isomoles. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 87\) The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is A\) sucrose. B\) caffeine. C\) protein. D\) vitamins. E\) glucose. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 88\) A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is A\) lactose. B\) cellulose. C\) glycogen. D\) sucrose. E\) fructose. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 89\) The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a A\) carbohydrate. B\) lipid. C\) protein. D\) nucleic acid. E\) saturated fat. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 90\) An example of an organic substance is: A\) sucrose B\) carbonic acid C\) sodium chloride D\) oxygen E\) nitric oxide Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 91\) Carbohydrate molecules A\) are the building blocks of cellular membranes. B\) form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. C\) are the body\'s most readily available source of energy. D\) are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. E\) contain the genetic information found in cells. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 92\) When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, A\) two new monosaccharides are formed. B\) a disaccharide is formed. C\) a polysaccharide is formed. D\) a starch is formed. E\) hydrolysis occurs. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 93\) To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to/from from monomers. This process is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A\) added; hydrolysis B\) removed; dehydration synthesis C\) removed; crenation D\) added; denaturation E\) added; ionization Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 94\) Lipids A\) form essential structural components of cells. B\) provide a significant energy reserve. C\) help to maintain body temperature. D\) cushion organs against shocks. E\) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 95\) A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be A\) saturated. B\) monounsaturated. C\) polyunsaturated. D\) hydrogenated. E\) carboxylated. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 96\) Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in their diets. A\) vitamins B\) triglycerides C\) prostaglandins D\) omega-3 fatty acids E\) oleic acid Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 97\) Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? A\) 3 glycerol molecules B\) 1 glycerol molecule C\) 3 fatty acid molecules D\) 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules E\) 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 98\) A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of A\) sex hormones. B\) proteins. C\) plasma membranes. D\) glycogen. E\) sex hormones and plasma membranes. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 99\) Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of A\) cholesterol. B\) phospholipids. C\) triglycerides. D\) prostaglandins. E\) monoglycerides. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 100\) Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the A\) prostaglandins. B\) steroids. C\) monoglycerides. D\) phospholipids. E\) glycolipids. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 101\) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of A\) dietary fats. B\) prostaglandins. C\) structural lipids. D\) lipid drugs. E\) steroids. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 102\) A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is A\) unsaturated. B\) polyunsaturated. C\) dehydrated. D\) saturated. E\) denatured. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 103\) Lipids are composed of fatty acids and A\) glycerol. B\) amino acids. C\) sugars. D\) monosaccharides. E\) polypeptides. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 104\) The monomers of protein are A\) glucose. B\) fatty acids. C\) amino acids. D\) nucleotides. E\) nitrogen base. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 105\) Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sites. A\) amino B\) active C\) carboxyl D\) reactant E\) neutral Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 106\) You would expect a peptide bond to link A\) two simple sugars. B\) two amino acids. C\) two nucleotides. D\) a sugar and a peptide. E\) a peptide and a fatty acid. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 107\) Each amino acid differs from another in the A\) number of central carbon atoms. B\) size of the amino group. C\) number of carboxyl groups. D\) nature of the side chain. E\) number of peptide bonds in the molecule. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 108\) The term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction. A\) saturation B\) specificity C\) inertia D\) activation E\) monoreactive Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 109\) A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A\) fibrous or globular B\) a polypeptide chain C\) an R group D\) an isozyme E\) nucleic acid Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 110\) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protein structure. A\) primary B\) secondary C\) tertiary D\) quaternary E\) pentanary Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 111\) Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ structure. A\) primary B\) secondary C\) tertiary D\) quaternary E\) pentagonal Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 112\) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and A\) carbohydrates. B\) fatty acids. C\) lipids. D\) nucleic acids. E\) inorganic compounds. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 113\) Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group? A\) -COOH B\) -PO3 C\) -NH2 D\) -AMO E\) -OH Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 114\) The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at A\) dehydration. B\) hydrolysis. C\) synthesis. D\) reversible. E\) saturation limit. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 115\) How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme\'s function? A\) The enzyme\'s function would not be altered. B\) The enzyme would function more slowly. C\) The enzyme would function more quickly. D\) The enzyme would not be able to function. E\) The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-11 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 116\) An example of an organic substance is: A\) lipid B\) nucleic acid C\) protein D\) lipid and protein E\) lipid, nucleic acid, and protein Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 117\) Molecules that store and process genetic information are the A\) proteins. B\) nucleic acids. C\) carbohydrates. D\) lipids. E\) steroids. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 118\) An amino acid is to a protein as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is to a nucleic acid. A\) a purine B\) a nucleotide C\) a protein D\) a proton E\) a neutron Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 119\) A nucleotide consists of A\) a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. B\) a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. C\) a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. D\) a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. E\) a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 120\) According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base A\) thymine. B\) adenine. C\) uracil. D\) cytosine. E\) guanine. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 121\) Adenine and guanine are A\) purines represented by T and C. B\) pyrimidines represented by A and G. C\) purines represented by A and G. D\) pyrimidines represented by T and C. E\) nucleotides represented by A and G. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 122\) The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that A\) the backbone of RNA contains ribose. B\) RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. C\) RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. D\) DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. E\) DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 123\) The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is A\) DNA. B\) adenosine diphosphate. C\) adenosine monophosphate. D\) adenosine triphosphate. E\) RNA. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 124\) A high-energy bond in ATP is present A\) between adenine and ribose. B\) between adenine and a phosphate group. C\) between the first and second phosphate group. D\) between the second and third phosphate group. E\) between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 125\) The phosphorylation of adenosine forms A\) ADP. B\) ATP. C\) AMP. D\) 2ATP. E\) ribose. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 126\) Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP. A\) adenosine diphosphate B\) adenine C\) adenosine triphosphate D\) deoxyribonucleic acid E\) ribose Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 127\) AMP + P → A\) ADP B\) 2ADP C\) DNA D\) ATP E\) adenine Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 128\) The average time between synthesis and breakdown is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ time. A\) metabolism B\) anabolism C\) catabolism D\) specificity E\) turnover Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2-14 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 129\) Muscle proteins are destroyed after 17 days and then replaced. This is an example of A\) metabolic turnover. B\) surveillance. C\) surface tension. D\) disease. E\) specificity. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2-14 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 130\) Continuous breakdown and replacement of cellular molecules is termed A\) metabolism. B\) metabolic turnover. C\) anabolic turnover. D\) catabolic turnover. E\) organic chemistry Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2-14 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge Short Answer Questions 131\) A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind. Answer: element Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 132\) The center of an atom is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: nucleus Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 133\) Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: electron cloud Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 134\) Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: energy levels Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 135\) The actual mass of an atom is known as its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: atomic weight Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 136\) Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: isotopes Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 137\) The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay. Answer: half-life Learning Outcome: 2-1 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 138\) Ions with a positive charge are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: cations Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 139\) Ions with a negative charge are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: anions Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 140\) Kinetic energy is stored as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy when a spring is stretched. Answer: potential Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 141\) Chemical reactions that release energy are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: exergonic Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 142\) Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: endergonic Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 143\) The three familiar states of matter are solids, liquids, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: gases Learning Outcome: 2-3 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 144\) Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: enzymes Learning Outcome: 2-4 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 145\) In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: pathway Learning Outcome: 2-4 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 146\) Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecules. Answer: organic Learning Outcome: 2-5 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 147\) Compounds that do not usually contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecules. Answer: inorganic Learning Outcome: 2-5 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 148\) A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute. Answer: solution Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 149\) Soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: electrolytes Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 150\) Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: hydrophobic Learning Outcome: 2-6 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 151\) The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. Answer: pH Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 152\) All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: carboxylic acid group Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 153\) In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: micelles Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 154\) Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: phospholipids Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 155\) Individual steroids differ in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attached to the carbon rings. Answer: side chains Learning Outcome: 2-10 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 156\) The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: deoxyribose Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 157\) The purines found in DNA are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and guanine. Answer: adenine Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 158\) The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and cytosine. Answer: thymine Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 159\) The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ base. Answer: nitrogenous Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 160\) A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy. Answer: high-energy bond Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 161\) In the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule. Answer: phosphorylation Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge 162\) The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: energy Learning Outcome: 2-13 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Knowledge Essay Questions 163\) The element sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and mass number of 32. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a sulfur atom? If sulfur forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, how many hydrogen atoms can bond to one sulfur atom? Answer: The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number. Thus, sulfur has 32 - 16 = 16 neutrons. The atomic number indicates the number of protons, so a neutral sulfur atom contains 16 protons plus 16 electrons to balance the protons electrically. The electrons would be distributed as follows: 2 in the first electron shell, 8 in the second, and the remaining 6 in the third. To achieve a full 8 electrons in the third (outermost) electron shell, the sulfur atom can accept 2 electrons in an ionic bond or can share 2 electrons in a covalent bond. Because hydrogen atoms can share one electron in a covalent bond, the sulfur atom can form two covalent bonds with hydrogen, one with each of two hydrogen atoms. In chemical notation, this is H2S. Learning Outcome: 2-2 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 164\) What role do buffer systems play in the human body? Answer: Buffer systems help maintain pH within normal limits by removing or replacing hydrogen ions as needed. Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 165\) Blood has a very narrow normal pH range but urine has a very broad normal pH range. What does that indicate about the physiology of pH? Answer: Homeostasis requires that the pH of body fluids be maintained almost constant to avoid disruptions of healthy function. To accomplish this, the urinary system eliminates or retains hydrogen ion as needed. These actions cause the pH of urine to vary widely, depending on whether there is too much or not enough hydrogen ion in the body. Learning Outcome: 2-7 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application 166\) Explain the role of water molecules in polysaccharide formation. Answer: Water molecules are removed in the dehydration synthesis of polysaccharides. Learning Outcome: 2-9 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Comprehension 167\) How does the DNA molecule control the appearance and function of a cell? Answer: The DNA molecule controls the synthesis of enzymes and structural proteins. By controlling the synthesis of structural proteins, the DNA is able to influence the physical appearance of a cell. By controlling the production of enzymes, the DNA is able to control all aspects of cellular metabolism and thus control the activity and biological functions of the cell. Learning Outcome: 2-12 Bloom\'s Taxonomy: Application