Introduction to Computers UNC05 PDF

Introduction to Computers UNC05 Introduction to Computers 1  Agenda Module Welcoming Module Contents Assessment the...

Introduction to Computers UNC05 Introduction to Computers 1  Agenda Module Welcoming Module Contents Assessment the Chapter 1 Objectives and Methods students Scheduling 2 Introduction to Computers  youtu.be/QvyTEx1wyOY 3 Introduction to Computers  Module Objectives This module is providing an introductory understanding of computers. The objectives of this introductory are to teach the students the following: ❑ The computer fundamentals as a general. ❑ Computer basics and organization. ❑ The common tools and applications of computers. ❑ The data representation in computer system. ❑ An overview of Program Development and Programming Languages. 4 Introduction to Computers  Module Contents and Scheduling Topic Week Introduction to the World of Computers 1 Computer Organization (Processing – Memory) 2 Computer Organization (Inputs - Outputs) 3 Computer Organization (Storage Devices) 4 Mid-Term 4 Numbering Systems 5 System Software: Operating Systems and Utility 6 Application Software: Desktop and Mobile Apps 7 The Internet 7 Project Discussion – Practical Exam 8 Final Exam. 9 5 Introduction to Computers  Instructor Name: Assoc. Prof. Mohammed Badawy E-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Sun, 9:00-11:00 and Wed, 11:00-13:00 Room No.: C218 Introduction to Computers 6  Assessment Methods Assessment Methods Mid-Term Week 4 20% Quiz 2 Quizzes Week 3, Week 7 10% Project Discussion Week 8 10% In-Lab Exam Practical exam Week 8 10% Final Exam Written Exam Week 9 50% Introduction to Computers 7  References Main Reference: Deborah Morley and Deborah Morley, “Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow,” 16th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2017. ISBN: 978- 1337251853. Other Reference: Behrouz Forouzan, “Foundations of Computer Science ,” 4th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2018. ISBN: 978-1-4737-5104-0. Introduction to Computers 8  Chapter 1 Introduction to the World of Technology Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Introduction to Computers 9 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning  Learning Objectives 1. Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today and discuss several ways computers are integrated into our business and personal lives. 2. Define a computer and describe its primary operations. 3. List some important milestones in computer evolution. 4. Identify the major parts of a personal computer, including input, processing, output, storage, and communications hardware. 5. Define software and understand how it is used to instruct the computer what to do. Introduction to Computers 10  Learning Objectives 6. List the six basic types of computers, giving some examples of each type and stating what that computer might be used for. 7. Explain what a network, the Internet, and the World Wide Web are, as well as how computers, people, and Web pages are identified on the Internet. 8. Describe how to access a Web page and navigate through a Web site. Introduction to Computers 11  Overview This chapter covers: – What computers are, how they work, and how they are used – Computer terminology – An overview of the history of computers – The basic types of computers in use today – How to access resources on the Internet Introduction to Computers 12  Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? – Pervasive computing Also known as ubiquitous computing Computers have become an integral part of our lives – Basic computer literacy Understanding what a computer is and how it works Introduction to Computers 13  Computers in Your Life Before 1980 – Computers were large and expensive – Very few people had access to them – Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks Microcomputers in the early 1980s – Inexpensive personal computers were invented – Computer use increased dramatically Introduction to Computers 14  Computers in Your Life The late 1980s and the early 1990s – The creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the graphical Web browser started the trend of individuals buying and using computers for personal use. Introduction to Computers 15  Computers in Your Life Today – Nearly 90% of households include a computer, and most use computers at work – Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities Check e-mail on living room television View Internet content on mobile devices – Computer literacy is an essential skill for everyone Introduction to Computers 16  Computers in the Home Computers used for a variety of tasks: – Looking up information and news – Exchanging e-mail – Shopping and paying bills – Watching TV and videos – Downloading music and movies – Playing games – Making vacation plans Introduction to Computers 17  Computers in Education Youth today: the computing generation Computer labs and classrooms – Most students today have access to computers at school – Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum Wireless hotspots – Colleges and universities are even more integrated Distance learning – Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access Introduction to Computers 18  Computers on the Job Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for decision-making, productivity, and communication – By all types of employees – For access control and other security measures – Extensively by the military – Requires continually refreshing computer skills Introduction to Computers 19  Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life – ATM transactions – POS systems at retail stores – Self-checkout systems – Consumer authentication systems – Portable computers or mobile devices – GPS systems Introduction to Computers 20  Computers on the Go Introduction to Computers 21  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer – A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data – Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic Operations – Input: Entering data into the computer – Processing: Performing operations on the data – Output: Presenting the results – Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use – Communications: Sending or receiving data Introduction to Computers 22  Data vs. Information Data – Raw, unorganized facts – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information – Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information Processing – Converting data into information Introduction to Computers 23  Computers Then and Now The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations Each new generation is characterized by a major technological development Precomputers and early computers (before approx. 1946) – Abacus – Punch Card Tabulating Machine Introduction to Computers 24  Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957) – Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes – Used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat – ENIAC and UNIVAC Second-generation computers (1958-1963) – Used transistors – Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable – Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data 25 Introduction to Computers  Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (approx. 1964–1970) – Replacement of the transistor with integrated circuits (ICs) – Integrated circuits incorporate many transistors and electronic circuits on a single tiny silicon chip, allowing computers to be even smaller and more reliable than computers in the earlier computer generations. – Instead of punch cards and paper printouts, keyboards and monitors were introduced for input and output; hard drives were typically used for storage. Introduction to Computers 26  Computers Then and Now Introduction to Computers 27  Computers Then and Now Fourth-Generation Computers (approx. 1971–present) – An increasing number of transistors on a single chip. – The invention of the microprocessor in 1971. – In essence, a microprocessor contains the core processing capabilities of an entire computer on one single chip. – The original IBM PC and Apple Macintosh computers, and most of today’s traditional computers, fall into this category. – Computers typically use a keyboard and mouse for input, a monitor and printer for output, and hard drives, flash memory media, and optical discs for storage. – This generation also witnessed the development of computer networks, wireless technologies, and the Internet. Introduction to Computers 28  Computers Then and Now Introduction to Computers 29  Computers Then and Now Fifth-generation (now and the future) – May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) – Will likely use voice and touch input https://youtu.be/Akq4p4Yfh4E?si=vbL9L6JmGgfek5nK Introduction to Computers 30  Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer – External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection – Hardware devices are associated with all five computer operations Introduction to Computers 31  Hardware Input Devices – Used to input data into the computer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing Devices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output Devices – Present results to the user – Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc. Introduction to Computers 32  Hardware Storage Devices – Used to store data on or access data from storage media – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs, USB flash drives, etc. Communications Devices – Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information – Modems, network adapters, routers, etc. Introduction to Computers 33  Hardware 34 Introduction to Computers  Software Software – The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do – System Software and application software System Software – Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation. Without OS, computer cannot function – Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction – Most use a GUI to interact with the user via icons, buttons, tiles, etc. – Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, etc. Introduction to Computers 35  Application Software Application Software – Performs specific tasks or applications Creating letters, budgets, etc. Managing inventory and customer databases Editing photographs Scheduling appointments Viewing Web pages Exchanging e-mail Designing homes Playing games Introduction to Computers 36  Application Software Examples of application software – Word processing programs – Multimedia programs – Web browsers – E-mail programs Introduction to Computers 37  Computer Users and Professionals Computer Users (end users) – People who use a computer to obtain information Computer professionals include: – Programmers Write programs computers use – Systems analysts Design computer systems – Computer operations personnel Manage day-to-day computer operations – Security specialists Secure computers and networks against hackers Introduction to Computers 38  Quick Test 1.Which of the following was not a first-generation computer? a.IBM PC b. UNIVAC c. ENIAC 2. True or False: A window displayed when the computer needs more information from the user is called a dialog box. 3.Speakers are an example of a(n) device. Answers: 1) a; 2) True; 3) output Introduction to Computers 39  Computers To Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: – Embedded computers – Mobile devices – Personal computers – Servers – Mainframe computers – Supercomputers Introduction to Computers 40  Embedded Computers Embedded Computers – Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product – Cannot be used as general-purpose computers – Often embedded into: Household appliances Sewing machines Cars etc. Introduction to Computers 41  Mobile Devices Mobile Device – A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability – Typically has a small screen and keyboard – Examples: Smartphones Tablets Handheld gaming devices Smart watch Introduction to Computers 42  Personal Computers (PCs) Personal Computer (PC) – Small computer designed to be used by one person at a time – Also called a microcomputer – Available in different sizes and shapes Desktop Computers – On or next to a desk – Tower case, mini-sized desktop case, or all-in-one – PC or Macintosh – Not portable Introduction to Computers 43  Portable Computers Portable Computers – Designed to be carried around easily – Fully functional computers – Notebook (laptop) computers – Tablet computers Usually use a digital pen/stylus or touch screen No physical keyboard; can use on-screen or attached keyboard – Hybrid notebook-tablet computers(is designed to separate the display part from the keyboard part when a tablet is needed) Introduction to Computers 44  Portable Computers 45 Introduction to Computers  Servers Server – A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network – Sometimes referred to as a minicomputer – Users connect via a network with a computer, dumb terminal, … Introduction to Computers 46  Mainframe Computers Mainframe Computer – Powerful computer used by many large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data – Standard choice for hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices – Located in data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network – Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than servers – Usually operate 24 hours a day – Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers Introduction to Computers 47  Mainframe Computers 48 Introduction to Computers  Supercomputers Supercomputer – Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer – Generally, run one program at a time, as fast as possible – Can cost several million dollars each – Tend to be very large and contain a large number of CPUs – Titan is one of the fastest computers in the world Introduction to Computers 49  Quick Test 1.A tablet PC is an example of a(n). a.Desktop computer b.Portable PC c.Internet appliance 2. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the largest, most powerful computers. 3.A smartphone is an example of a(n). Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) mobile device Introduction to Computers 50  Computer Networks and the Internet Computer Network – A collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together – Users can share hardware, software, and data – Userscan communicate with each other Network Servers – Manage resources on a network Introduction to Computers 51  Computer Networks and the Internet 52 Introduction to Computers  What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? Internet – The largest/most well-known computer network in the world – Individuals connect using an Internet service provider (ISP) World Wide Web – One resource (a vast collection of Web pages) available through the Internet – Web sites contain Web pages stored on Web servers – Viewed using a Web browser (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.) – Offers a wide variety of information Introduction to Computers 53  Accessing a Network or the Internet Internet addresses are used to access resources on the Internet – IP (Internet Protocol) address Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.197.32) IP Addresses – Are numeric and unique Domain Names – Correspond to IP addresses – Top-level domains (TLDs) – Identifies type of organization or its location Introduction to Computers 54  IP Addresses and Domain Names Introduction to Computers 55  E-mail Addresses E-mail addresses consist of: – Username An identifying name – The @ symbol – Domain name for the computer that will be handling the person’s e-mail (mail server) Pronouncing Internet addresses Introduction to Computers 56  Browsing the Web Web browser – Used to display Web pages Browser starting page or home page – The first page displayed when the browser is opened To navigate to a Web page, you can: – Type a URL in the Address bar – Click a hyperlink – graphics or text linked to other Web pages – Select a Favorite/Bookmark or page from the History list Introduction to Computers 57  Searching the Web Search site: – Helps you locate what you are looking for – Typically search using keywords Reference sites – Look up addresses, telephone numbers, ZIP codes, maps, etc. Introduction to Computers 58  Quick Test 1.Index.html is an example of a(n). a.URL b.IP address c. Web page filename 2. True or False: All information published to Web pages is accurate. 3.In the e-mail address [email protected], abc.com is the. Answers: 1) c; 2) False; 3) domain name Introduction to Computers 59