Chapter 8. The Water Crisis and Water Quality Parameters PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WATER SOURCES, POLLUTANTS AND IMPACT  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING The Water Crisis  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water a substance composed of the chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Waters -...

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WATER SOURCES, POLLUTANTS AND IMPACT  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING The Water Crisis  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water a substance composed of the chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Waters - According to PD 1067- Water Code of the Philippines refers to water under the ground, water above the ground, water in the atmosphere and the waters of the sea within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines. Water Body - According to RA 9275 - Philipine Clean Water Act means both natural and man-made bodies of fresh, brackish, and saline waters, and includes, but is not limited to, aquifers, groundwater, springs, creeks, streams, rivers, ponds, lagoons, water reservoirs, lakes, bays, estuarine, coastal and marine waters. 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water This includes water in the oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, polar ice caps, soil, rock layers beneath Earth’s surface, and clouds 97.2% of all of the water on Earth is found in the oceans Due to the salt content of ocean water, we are unable to use it Salt water can be cleaned by a process known as desalination This leaves only 2.8% of the Earth’s water as freshwater Only 0.8% of which is drinkable 1. River Basin an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It includes the water flowing from the source, along the main river channel, and out to the mouth where it empties into a larger body of water. -starting point of a river dividing line between two adjacent drainage -smaller stream or river that flows basins into a larger main river channel point where two rivers entire area of land where rainwater and runoff or streams meet and are collected and drained into the river combine their flows primary pathway through which the river flows from the source to the mouth where the river empties into a larger body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake, completing the journey of the river's flow. Talomo-Lipadas River major aquifers provides 98% of DCWD drinking water supply Lake -An area filled with water, localized in basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake  The top layer consists of soil and rocks with spaces 3. Groundwater filled with air and some moisture. It’s above the water table and is not fully saturated with water. AQUIFER layers of rock that hold groundwater This is the boundary between unsaturated soil and the groundwater below. It marks the level where the soil and rocks become fully saturated with water. This refers to water visible on the surface, like rivers, lakes, and streams. It can interact with groundwater, as water can flow between surface water and groundwater depending on the conditions Below the water table, the ground is completely saturated with water, forming an underground reservoir. Groundwater moves slowly through soil and rock layers. 4. Well Water  Ocean water can effectively be processed for consumption through the 5. Saltwater from Oceans desalination process removing excess salt Without this process the water becomes counter-active and actually dehydrates you.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking, swimming, other uses. measured based on what purpose the water The subject of DAO 2016-08 is Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016 This DAO superseded DAO 90-34 and DAO 90-35 which contains almost the same contents but was updated hence DAO 2016-08  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality Guidelines 1. They are categorized in two parameters: Primary and Secondary Parameters 2. Primary Parameters are the required minimum water quality parameters to be monitored for each water body 3. Secondary parameters are other water quality parameters to be used in baseline assessment as part of Environmental Impact Assessment ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality Guidelines  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality Guidelines  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality Guidelines  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Water Quality Guidelines Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free, non- compound oxygen present in water or other liquids is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water In limnology (the study of lakes), dissolved oxygen is an essential factor second only to water itself A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the greater the stress. Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can result in large fish kills A high DO level in a community water supply is good because it makes drinking water taste better. However, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes. For this reason, industries use water with the least possible amount of dissolved oxygen. Water used in very low-pressure boilers have no more than 2.0 ppm of DO, but most boiler plant operators try to keep oxygen levels to 0.007 ppm or less. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature. Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand, is a measurement of the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is used by aerobic microorganisms when decomposing organic matter in water. The presence of enough concentration of dissolved oxygen is critical to maintaining the aquatic life and aesthetic quality of streams and lakes. How to calculate  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Nitrate as NO3-N Nitrates are a form of nitrogen, which is found in several different forms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These forms of nitrogen include ammonia (NH3), nitrates (NO3), and nitrites (NO2). Nitrates are essential plant nutrients, but in excess amounts they can cause significant water quality problems. Excess amounts can accelerate eutrophication Excess nitrates can cause hypoxia (low levels of dissolved oxygen) and can become toxic to warm-blooded animals at higher concentrations (10 mg/L) or higher) under certain conditions.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Fecal Coliform A fecal coliform is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. indicate the presence of sewage contamination of a waterway and the possible presence of other pathogenic organisms. Membrane filtration is the method of choice for the analysis of fecal coliforms in water. Samples to be tested are passed through a membrane filter of a particular pore size (generally 0.45 micron). The microorganisms present in the water remain on the filter surface.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING pH pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends that the pH level of water sources should be at a pH measurement level between 6.5 to 8.5 on a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. The best pH of drinking water sits right in the middle at a 7.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Phosphate Phosphorus is a common constituent of agricultural fertilizers, manure, and organic wastes in sewage and industrial effluent. It is an essential element for plant life, but when there is too much of it in water, it can speed up eutrophication of rivers and lakes.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Temperature Affects chemical and biochemical reactions, aquatic life, suitability for beneficial use Change in temperature of a receiving body of water can cause a change in the species of fish that can exist in it Solubility of oxygen (and other gases) in water decreases as temperature decreases Abnormally high temperatures -> growth of undesirable water plants & wastewater fungus.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Suspended Solids Particles that are not dissolved in water but are suspended, including silt, organic matter, and microorganisms. Sources Natural: Soil erosion, organic decay. Anthropogenic: Industrial discharge, sewage, construction runoff. Environmental Impact: High levels can: Reduce light penetration, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Smother habitats of aquatic organisms. Health Concerns: Can harbor pathogens, reducing water potability.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Journal Article Review (Replace the text highlighted in gray with your article article review. Text should be in Times New Roman, font size 11, with single spacing and justified. Papers that will not follow the guidelines and will at least have 20% AI generated content will be marked zero and no chances will be given to resubmit the article. The review should at least contain a minimum of 750 words.) In writing an article review, it should contain the following Briefly introduce the subject, the thesis, and key elements of the article. Highlight the key points without personal opinions. Assess the strengths and weaknesses and discuss the methodology used. Summarize the gist of the article, reinstate its main points and suggest future exploration.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Journal Article Review CLICK LINK ABOVE TO DOWNLOAD