Skeletal System Chapter 8 Study Guide PDF

Overview of the Skeletal System 1.​ The axial skeleton forms the central supporting axis of the body and includes what? 2.​ The appendicular skeleton includes what? 3.​ The bones of the skeletal system typically number ______ in an adult, but at birth there are _____, and even more form during c...

Overview of the Skeletal System 1.​ The axial skeleton forms the central supporting axis of the body and includes what? 2.​ The appendicular skeleton includes what? 3.​ The bones of the skeletal system typically number ______ in an adult, but at birth there are _____, and even more form during childhood. 4.​ The number of bones decreases as separate bones do what? 5.​ This fusion is complete by? 6.​ What are sesamoid bones? 7.​ Some people have extra bones in the skull called ________, or wormian, bones. 8.​ Bones exhibit a variety of anatomical features such as? Many of these bone markings can be felt on your own body. The Skull 9.​ The skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. 10.​The skull is composed of _____ bones and sometimes more; What is a suture? 11.​The skull contains several prominent cavities. 12.​The largest is the _______ cavity, which encloses the brain. 13.​What are some other cavities? 14.​Define foramina (sing. foramen), and what purpose do they serve? 15.​The cranium forms the cranial cavity and protects the brain and associated sensory organs; it is composed of eight bones: What are those 8? 16.​The brain is separated from the cranial bones by three membranes called the ___________, the thickest and toughest of which is the _______ mater. 17.​The cranium is rigid with an opening, the _________ __________, where the spinal cord enters. 18.​The frontal bone of the skull extends from the forehead back to a prominent ________ suture, which crosses the crown of the head and joins the _______ bone to the ________ bones. 19.​The right and left parietal bones form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls. 20.​Each parietal bone is bordered by four sutures. 21.​The _________ suture lies between the two parietal bones. 22.​The _________ suture is at the anterior margin. 23.​The __________ suture is at the posterior margin. 24.​The ___________ suture is at the lateral margin. 25.​The right and left _________ bones form much of the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity; you can feel this bone just above and anterior to each ear. 26.​The complex shape of the temporal bone can be broken down into four parts: What are these four parts? 27.​The zygomatic process forms part of the ___________ arch (cheekbone). 28.​The _____________ fossa is the site at which the mandible articulates with the cranium. 29.​The tympanic part is a ring of bone that borders the __________ acoustic _________ (ear canal opening). 30.​On its inferior surface is the ________ process, which resembles a stylus (writing implement). 31.​The mastoid part is posterior to the tympanic part. 32.​The mastoid part has a _________ process, which is filled with small air sinuses that are subject to infection (mastoiditis). 33.​The _____________ bone forms the rear of the skull (or occiput), and much of its base. 34.​What passes through the foramen magnum? 35.​On either side of the foramen magnum is a smooth knob called the ___________ condyle; the skull rests on the vertebral column on these condyles. 36.​The sphenoid bone has a complex shape, with a thick medial body and outstretched _______ and _________ wings. 37.​The lesser wing contains the _______ canal through which the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass. 38.​The __________ orbital _________ angles upward on the posterior wall of the orbit lateral to the optic canal; it serves as a passage for nerves supplying the eye muscles. 39.​What is sella turcica and what does the stalk that penetrates this membrane connect to? 40.​The _________ bone has three major portions and is an anterior bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. 41.​What is the perpendicular plate? 42.​What is the cribriform plate? 43.​The ________ galli is a median blade on this plate that forms an attachment point for the ________ mater. 44.​A depression is found on each side of the crista; the ____________ ______ rest in these depressions. 45.​The cribriform foramina in the depressed area allow passage for what? 46.​The facial bones are those having no direct contact with the brain or meninges; there are 14 facial bones: What are these bones? 47.​The _________ are the largest facial bones; they form the upper jaw and meet at the median intermaxillary suture. 48.​What are alveolar processes? 49.​The root of each tooth is inserted into a deep socket, or _________; if a tooth is lost, the alveolar processes are resorbed and the alveolus fills in with new bone. 50.​The maxilla forms part of the floor of the orbit, where it exhibits a gash called the ________ orbital __________. 51.​The inferior and superior orbital fissures form a sideways V whose apex lies near the _______ canal. 52.​The palate forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity; it consists of a bony ______ palate and a fleshy _____ palate. 53.​What are the palatine processes? 54.​What is a cleft palate? 55.​The palatine bones are located in the posterior nasal cavity; each has an L shape formed by a horizontal and a _________________ plate. 56.​The ___________ bones form the angles of the cheeks. 57.​The ___________ bones form part of the medial wall of each orbit and are the smallest bones of the skull—about the size of the little fingernail. 58.​The _________ nasal concha, the largest of the three nasal conchae, is a separate bone. The other conchae are parts of the ethmoid. 59.​The vomer forms what? What does it resemble? 60.​The ___________ is the strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move. 61.​What is mastication? 62.​The mandible has two major parts on each side: the horizontal body and the ramus; these meet at a corner called the angle. 63.​What forms the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? 64.​Seven bones are closely associated with the skull but not considered part of it: the three auditory ossicles in each middle-ear cavity and the hyoid bone beneath the chin. 65.​What bones make up the auditory ossicles? 66.​The hyoid bone is a slender bone between what? What is special about the hyoid bone? What muscles does this bone serve as points of attachment for? 67.​The skull bones of an infant are not fused, which allows it to pass through the pelvic outlet of the mother during birth. 68.​What are fontanelles? 69.​The bones at these points are joined only by what? What type of ossification takes place later? 70.​Most fontanelles ossify by _____ ____ of age, but the largest one, the anterior fontanelle, is still evident ___ to ____ months after birth. The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 71.​What are some of the functions of the vertebral column (spine)? What does it allow for? 72.​The vertebral column consists of a chain of ______ vertebrae with intervertebral discs of what type of cartilage between them? 73.​The vertebrae are divided into five groups: What are those five groups and the number of vertebrae seen in each group? 74.​Describe the shape of the vertebral column and what are the four bends? 75.​What shape is the vertebral column in newborns? 76.​When does the S-curve develop and what does this allow for? What are the curvatures and when do they develop? 77.​What is the most obvious feature of a vertebra? What does it allow for? 78.​What does the vertebral foramina form and what passes through it? 79.​What is the spinous process and how is it directed? 80.​What does the spinous and transverse processes provide attachments for? 81.​What is the intervertebral foramen and what does it allow passage for? 82.​What does an intervertebral disc consist of? 83.​What do the discs help with? What is a herniated disc? 84.​Vertebrae differ from one another depending on the region of the spine in which they are located; these differences reflect their functional differences. 85.​The cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) are relatively small; What do they allow for? 86.​Vertebra C1 is called the? What bone does it articulate with and what does this joint allow for in terms of movement? 87.​Vertebra C2 is called the? It allows the head to do what? 88.​What is the dens and what would a heavy blow to the top of the head cause? 89.​The articulation between the atlas and the cranium for what joint? The articulation between the atlas and axis forms what joint? 90.​The axis is the first vertebra that exhibits what? 91.​All seven cervical vertebrae have a prominent _________ foramen in each transverse process. What do these allow for? Do other vertebrae have these foramina? 92.​The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), which correspond to the _____ pairs of ribs attached to them. 93.​The thoracic vertebrae have four distinguishing features. What are these four? 94.​The five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) are distinguished by what? 95.​What is the sacrum? 96.​In children, there are five separate sacral vertebrae (S1–S5); these begin to fuse around what age? 97.​Four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina allow passage what and to where? 98.​On each side of the sacrum is an ear-shaped region called the _________ surface, which articulates with what? What joint is formed here? 99.​The coccyx usually consists of ______ (sometimes ____) coccygeal vertebrae, which fuse by the age of 20 or 30. 100.​ The coccyx can be fractured how? 101.​ What does the thoracic cage consists of ? 102.​ The thoracic cage forms a more or less conical enclosure for what organs? 103.​ What is its most important role? How does it help with this? 104.​ What is the sternum and what are the three regions of it? 105.​ Improperly performed chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation can drive the _______ process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage. 106.​ There are 12 pairs of ribs, with no difference in number between the sexes. 107.​ Most are also attached at the anterior (distal) end to the sternum. The anterior attachment is through a long strip of ________ cartilage called the _______ cartilage. 108.​ What are true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs? The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 109.​ The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm; it consists of what two bones? 110.​ What bones make up the sternoclavicular joint? What bones make up the acromioclavicular joint? 111.​ What bones make up the glenohumeral joint? 112.​ What shade does the clavicle exhibit and what are the two ends of it called? 113.​ Fracture of the clavicle is common because? 114.​ The __________ is named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel. It is a triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 through 7; its only direct attachment to the thorax is by muscles. 115.​ The suprascapular notch in the superior border provides passage for a ________. 116.​ The broad anterior surface, or ____________ fossa, is slightly concave and relatively featureless. 117.​ The posterior surface has a transverse ridge called the _________, a deep indentation superior to the spine called the _______________ fossa, and a broad surface inferior to it called the ______________ fossa. 118.​ What is the acromion? What bone articulates here? 119.​ The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket that articulates with the head of what bone and what joint does this form? 120.​ The upper limb is divided into four regions and contains 30 bones per limb. 121.​ The four regions are what? 122.​ The ___________, or arm proper, extends from shoulder to elbow and contains only the __________. 123.​ The __________ (forearm) extends from elbow to wrist and contains two bones, what are these two bones? Which one is most lateral? 124.​ The ______, or wrist, contains eight small bones arranged in two rows. 125.​ The ______, or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 ___________ in the palm and 14 __________ in the fingers. 126.​ The humerus has a hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. 127.​ Where on the humerus is the most common fracture site? 128.​ The deltoid tuberosity is a rough area on the shaft that is the insertion for the _________ muscle. 129.​ The distal end of the humerus has _____ smooth condyles. 130.​ The lateral condyle, the ____________, is shaped somewhat like a wide tire and articulates with the ________. 131.​ The medial condyle, called the __________, is pulleylike and articulates with the _____. 132.​ The distal end of the humerus also shows three deep pits: one posterior and two anterior. 133.​ The posterior pit, the ____________ fossa, accommodates the ___________ of the ulna when the arm is extended. 134.​ The anterior medial pit, the ____________ fossa, accommodates the ___________ __________ of the ulna when the arm is flexed. 135.​ The anterior lateral pit, the _________ fossa, is named for the nearby head of the radius. 136.​ The radius has a distinctive discoidal _______ at its proximal end. (Fig. 8.33) 137.​ When the forearm is rotated, the circular superior surface of this disc spins on the __________ of the humerus, and the edge of the disk spins on the ________ notch of the ulna. 138.​ Immediately distal to the head, the radius has a narrow neck and then widens to the radial tuberosity on its medial surface; what muscle inserts here? 139.​ The ulna has a deep, C-shaped trochlear notch at its proximal end; this notch wraps around the __________ of the humerus. 140.​ The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the? What does this allow for? The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 141.​ The pelvic girdle is composed of what? 142.​ Each hip bone is joined to the vertebral column at the __________ joint. The two hip bones are joined to each other at the ______ __________, which consists of the interpubic disc and the adjacent region of each hip bone. 143.​ The pelvis has the _________ (false) pelvis between the flare of the hips and the narrower __________ (true) pelvis below. 144.​ The two pelves are separated by a round margin called the? 145.​ The opening circumscribed by the brim is called the pelvic ______; the lower margin of the lesser pelvis is called the pelvic _______. 146.​ The hip bones have three distinctive features. 147.​ The _____ ______ is the superior crest of the hip. 148.​ The ______________ is the hip socket. 149.​ The ________ _________ is a large round-to-triangular hole below the acetabulum. 150.​ The adult hip bone is formed by the fusion of three childhood bones: What are these bones? 151.​ The _______, the largest bone, extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum. 152.​ Below the posterior inferior spine on each side is the greater ________ notch, named for the _______ nerve that passes through it. 153.​ Each ilium has an ___________ surface that joins with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint. 154.​ The ________ is the inferoposterior portion of the hip bone. 155.​ The thick, _________ tuberosity, which supports the body when sitting. 156.​ The _______ (pubic bone) is the most anterior portion of the hip bone and has a superior and inferior ramus and a triangular body. 157.​ The body of one pubis meets the body of the other at the _____ __________. The pubis and ischium encircle the ____________ foramen. 158.​ The pelvis is sexually dimorphic, what does this mean? 159.​ The lower limb, like the upper limb, is divided into four regions and contains 30 bones per limb; these bones have adaptations for weight bearing and locomotion. 160.​ The four regions are what? What are some bones in each region? 161.​ The _________ is the longest and strongest bone of the body, with a hemispherical head that articulates with the ____________ in a ball-and-socket joint. 162.​ Distal to the head is a constricted neck and then two massive processes called the greater and lesser ____________ on which powerful muscles of the hip insert. 163.​ The medial and lateral epicondyles are the widest points of the femur at the knee. These and the supracondylar lines are attachments for certain thigh and leg muscles and knee ligaments. 164.​ The patella, or kneecap, is a large ___________ bone; it is cartilaginous at birth and ossifies at 3 to 6 years of age. 165.​ Tendons connect muscle to ______, whereas ligaments connect bone to _______. 166.​ The tibia is on the ____________ side of the leg and is the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region. 167.​ The shaft has a sharply angular __________ border, which can be palpated in the shin. 168.​ The two prominent bony knobs on each side of the ankle are the what? 169.​ The medial malleolus is part of the _______; the lateral malleolus is part of the ______. 170.​ The fibula is a slender strut that helps stabilize what? 171.​ Like the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula are joined by an _____________ membrane along their shafts. 172.​ The ankle and foot consist of bones in proximal and distal groups similar to those of the wrist, but because of their weight-bearing role, the bones’ shapes and arrangement are very different. 173.​ The largest tarsal bone is the __________, which forms the heel. 174.​ The second largest and most superior tarsal bone is the _______.