Psychological Disorders PDF

Psychological Disorders What is Psychological or Mental Disorder? Psychological or Mental Disorder, or mental disorder, is “a syndrome characterized by clinically significant dysfunction, distress and atypical. Mental disorders are usually associa...

Psychological Disorders What is Psychological or Mental Disorder? Psychological or Mental Disorder, or mental disorder, is “a syndrome characterized by clinically significant dysfunction, distress and atypical. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities. Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment  The American Psychiatric Association (APA) Definition There are significant The disturbances reflect The disturbances lead to The disturbances do not disturbances in thoughts, some kind of biological, significant distress or reflect expected or feelings, and behaviors. psychological, or disability in one’s life. culturally approved developmental responses to certain dysfunction events. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.  The Compassionate View of Psychological Disorders First, remember that psychological Second, understand that people with disorders represent extremes of inner psychological disorders are far more experience and behavior. They are than just embodiments of their thoughts and behaviors that are disorders. Psychological disorder is not extreme and disruptive what a person is; it is something that a person has—through no fault of their own.  Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior Social Anxiety Disorder Phobia SAD (formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme A person diagnosed with a specific phobia (formerly known as and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in simple phobia) experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as others animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying). Panic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder A panic attack is defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort A relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes pointless worry and apprehension. People with generalized anxiety including but not limited to increase heart rate, sweating, disorder often worry about routine, everyday things, even though dizziness, fear of dying. their concerns are unjustified.  Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders e a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Obsessive-Compulsive Body Dysmorphic Disorder Hoarding Disorder Disorder Preoccupied with a perceived flaw in Individuals can't bear to part with Thoughts and urges that are intrusive physical appearance that is either personal possessions, regardless of and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the nonexistent or barely noticeable to how valueless or useless these need to engage in repetitive behaviors other people possessions are. or mental acts (compulsions). Compulsions are repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Unwanted and recurring memories, flashbacks, or vivid nightmares Details of PTSD PTSD was previously listed among anxiety disorders and now listed to group called Trauma-and-Stressors-Related Disorders. For a person to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must be exposed to, witness, or experience the details of a traumatic experience (e.g., a first responder), one that involves “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” Symptoms of PTSD include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, flashbacks (states that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment [APA, 2013]), avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, persistently negative emotional states (e.g., fear, anger, guilt, and shame), feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, and an exaggerated startle response (jumpiness). For PTSD to be diagnosed, these symptoms must occur for at least one month.  Mood and Related Disorders severe disturbances in mood and emotion including depression, mania and elation. Depression Mania Depression is a vague term that, in everyday Mania is a state of extreme elation and agitation. language, refers to an intense and persistent When people experience mania, they may become sadness. Depression is a heterogeneous mood state extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to —it consists of a broad spectrum of symptoms that take on many tasks simultaneously. The most range in severity. Depressed people feel sad, recognized of these disorders is bipolar disorder. discouraged, and hopeless. These individuals lose interest in activities once enjoyed, often experience a decrease in drives such as hunger and sex, and frequently doubt personal worth.  MRD: Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by "depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful) and loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. Symptoms are as follows Significant weight or appetite changes Sleep disturbances (difficulty sleeping or oversleeping) Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue or energy loss Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness Suicidal ideation (thoughts, plans, or attempts) Subtypes: 1. Seasonal Pattern, 2. Peripartum Onset (Postpartum), 3. Persistent Depressive Disorder  MRD: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder A person with bipolar disorder (commonly known as manic depression) often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania; that is, the person’s mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other. Manic episode is characterized as a “distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting. DIGFAST Distractibility, Impulsivity, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas, Sleep Deficit, Talkativeness  MRD: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person’s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where they are not able to function normally in life. In informal terms, one who suffers from a psychotic disorder (that is, has a psychosis) is disconnected from the world in which most of us live.  Symptoms of Schizophrenia Hallucination (Perceptual Disorganized thinking Negative experience lacking (jump from topic to topic, symptoms diminished absence of stimuli) disorganized and emotional expression incomprehensible ) shows no emotion in their facial expressions, Delusions (beliefs that speech, or movements, are contrary to reality and Disorganized or even when such are firmly held) i.e. Abnormal Motor expressions are normal or paranoid, grandiose, Behavior (Catatonic) expected. somatic.  Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders are characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from their core sense of self. Dissociative Amnesia Depersonalization/Derealization Dissociative Identity Disorder unable to recall important personal Recurring episodes of depersonalization, People with dissociative identity information, usually following an extremely derealization, or both. Depersonalization disorder exhibit two or more stressful or traumatic experience such as involves feelings of detachment from oneself, combat, natural disasters, or being the victim such as thoughts and actions feeling robotic or distinct personalities and of violence. an “out-of-body” experience. Derealization experience memory gaps during refers to detachment from the world, feeling shifts in identity, such as finding like the surroundings are unreal or dreamlike. unfamiliar items or hearing voices like a child’s or someone crying  Disorders in Childhood developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning. Often diagnosed in childhood, they may persist into adulthood. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Autism Spectrum Disorder ADHD symptoms include inattention (difficulty Autism spectrum disorder includes problems with sustaining attention, failure to follow instructions, social interaction (e.g., no eye contact, preferring to disorganization, distractibility, and forgetfulness) and be alone), communication (e.g., little speech, echoed hyperactivity/impulsivity (excessive movement, words, trouble with nonverbal cues), and repetitive fidgeting, trouble sitting still, blurting out responses, behaviors or interests (e.g., rocking, head-banging, difficulty waiting turns, interrupting, and being noisy distress at changes). Symptoms start early, cause or boisterous). major issues, and are not due to intellectual disability  Personality Disorders developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning. Often diagnosed in childhood, they may persist into adulthood. Characteristics Personality disorders involve enduring personality traits that differ sharply from cultural expectations, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, and cause distress or impairment (APA, 2013). These traits often lead to conflicts with others, difficulty forming relationships, and hindered life goals. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders, characterized by odd or eccentric behavior Cluster B includes antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders, marked by impulsivity, emotionality, and erratic behavior. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders (distinct from obsessive-compulsive disorder), often involving nervousness and fearfulness.  Cluster A Paranoid Schizotypal Schizoid Harbors a pervasive and exhibits eccentricities in thought, lacks interest and desire to form unjustifiable suspiciousness perception, emotion, speech, and relationships with others; aloof and mistrust of others; reluctant behavior; shows suspiciousness and shows emotional coldness to confide in or become close to or paranoia; has unusual and detachment; indifferent to others; reads hidden demeaning perceptual experiences; speech approval or criticism of others; or threatening meaning into is often idiosyncratic; displays lacks close friends or confidants; benign remarks or events; takes inappropriate emotions; lacks not due to schizophrenia or other offense easily and bears friends or confidants; not due to psychotic disorders, not an grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic autism spectrum disorder schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorders disorder  Cluster B Antisocial Histrionic continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive when not the center of others’ attention; behavior is often inappropriately and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds with demands for constant attention Narcissistic Borderline overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and fantasies of success; believes they are entitled to special treatment from experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and lacks empathy sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures  Cluster C Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive socially inhibited and oversensitive allows others to take over and run pervasive need for perfectionism to negative evaluation; avoids their life; is submissive, clingy, and that interferes with the ability to occupations that involve fears separation; cannot make complete tasks; preoccupied with interpersonal contact because of decisions without advice and details, rules, order, and schedules; fears of criticism or rejection; reassurance from others; lacks excessively devoted to work at the avoids relationships with others self-confidence; cannot do things expense of leisure and friendships; unless guaranteed to be accepted on their own; feels uncomfortable rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; unconditionally; feels inadequate or helpless when alone insists things be done their way; and views self as socially inept reluctant to spend money and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing