Nurs 205 Test Bank PDF

lOMoARcPSD|32034555 Chapter 8 - Nurs 205 test bank Research for Evidence Informed Practice (University of Saskatchewan) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|32034555 Chapter 8 - Nurs 205 test bank Research for Evidence Informed Practice (University of Saskatchewan) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 Chapter 08: Qualitative Approaches to Research LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following qualitative research approaches is most commonly used for theory building? a. Case study b. Phenomenology c. Grounded theory d. Ethnographic method ANS: C Feedback A Case study focuses on specific clinical scenarios or situations. B Phenomenology focuses on the lived experience of a particular phenomenon. C Grounded theory is associated with theory building. D The ethnographic method focuses on culture. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. Which of the following features distinguishes intensive dialogue from a simple interview? a. The researcher makes detailed notes about the participant’s responses during the interview. b. The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the interview. c. The researcher develops the interview questions before the actual interview occurs. d. The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid any misunderstanding or confusion. ANS: B Feedback A Notes can be taken in both a dialogue and an interview. B A dialogue is more extensive than a simple interview because the researcher is present and actively engaged in a dialogue. C Questions can be developed before both a dialogue and an interview. D Researchers do not complete questionnaires for participants, as the goal is to learn of the experience through the words of the participant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. How does nursing research using the phenomenological approach differ from more traditional forms of research? Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 a. The results present the “lived experience.” b. The study participants are people with illness, injury, or disease. c. The focus of the study is the actual or objective phenomenon itself. d. The focus of the study is on understanding the reality of the phenomenon to the person experiencing it. ANS: D Feedback A The “lived experience” emphasizes the experiencing of the phenomenon in day- to-day existence. B Phenomenology does not focus only on experiences of illness or injury. C The phenomenological study focuses on the subjective experiences of participants, not the objective experience. D North American forms of phenomenology may focus on the realities of the participants instead of the phenomenon itself. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Review the abstract information provided below to determine which qualitative approach is being used in each study. Abstract #1 This study outlines a brief history of men as nurses in the United Kingdom. It uses a variety of historical sources—primary archival, oral history, and secondary sources— to retell the history of nursing with emphasis on the frequently neglected place of men within it. History appears to indicate that men have had a place in nursing for as long as records are available, but their contribution has been perceived as negligible, largely because of the dominant influence that the nineteenth–century female nursing movement has had on the occupation's historical ideology. The study indicates that men have an equally valid historical role within nursing and that this should be acknowledged when considering male nurses’ position within the nursing profession. Abstract #2 The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of nurses’ use of humour in their nursing practice. Twenty-one registered nurses enrolled in a graduate nursing program described in detail their experiences using humour in providing nursing care. The twenty-one written descriptions were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Five themes emerged in which humour was found to (a) help nurses deal effectively with difficult situations and difficult patients, (b) create a sense of cohesiveness between nurses and their patients and also among the nurses themselves, (c) be an effective therapeutic communication technique that helped to decrease patients’ anxiety, depression, and embarrassment, (d) be planned and routine or be unexpected and spontaneous, and (e) create lasting effects beyond the immediate moment for both nurses and patients. Abstract #3 Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 To a) explore young people’s experiences of school and drug use, b) generate hypotheses regarding the pathways through which schools may influence students’ drug use, and c) examine how these may vary according to students’ sociodemographic characteristics, qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with 30 students (aged 14 to 15) and ten teachers in two case study schools. Students were purposively sampled to encompass variations in socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, and school engagement. Techniques associated with thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data and generate hypotheses. a. Abstract #1 = Ethnographic method, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Historical b. Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Case study c. Abstract #1 = Case study, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Historical d. Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Ethnographic method ANS: B Feedback A Abstract #1 does not address culture or social process; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses’ use of humour in their nursing practice; Abstract # 3 does not provide an understanding of the past through the collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts. B Abstract #1 uses historical research methods to outline a brief history of men as nurses in the United Kingdom; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses' use of humour in their nursing practice; Abstract # 3 uses a case study method to study the peculiarities and commonalities of specific cases (two schools) to provide an in- depth description of the essential dimensions and processes or the pathways through which schools may influence students’ drug use. C Abstract #1 does not state the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case over time to provide an in-depth description of the essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses' use of humour in their nursing practice; Abstract #3 does not use historical research methods to create an understanding of the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts. D Abstract #1 uses historical research methods to outline a brief history of men as nurses in the United Kingdom; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses’ use of humour in their nursing practice; Abstract #3 does not address culture or social process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What forms the final synthesis of participants’ descriptions after a researcher has analyzed data from a phenomenological study? a. Description of the lived experience b. Identification of thought sequences Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 c. Generalization of the findings d. Classification of themes ANS: A Feedback A The final synthesis is a narrative of the lived experience. B Identification of thought sequences refers to the audit trail. C Qualitative results are not generalized. D Classification of themes occurs during data analysis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a grounded theory approach? a. How do incarcerated persons interact with fellow prisoners convicted of violent crimes against children? b. How do First Nations adolescent girls select a method of contraception? c. What percentage of primary school teachers has a master’s degree? d. How is the total number of clinical hours in a nursing program related to NCLEX pass rates? ANS: A Feedback A The research question is appropriate because it focuses on human interactions. B The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions. C The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions. D The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Why does the investigator ask a question different from a formal research question when initiating dialogue with a participant in a phenomenological study? a. Qualitative methodology dictates that research questions be implied rather than explicitly stated. b. The investigator needs to ensure that the initiating question is clear and understandable to the study participant. c. Research questions are considered an outcome of qualitative research rather than a driving force for the conduct of the study. d. Research questions must be congruent with the themes and connected to the data generated by the study. ANS: B Feedback A Research questions can be explicitly stated in qualitative research. Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 B The question posed to the participant may be different from a research question because the initial question needs to be clear and understandable to participants. C The research question of a qualitative study should be formulated at the beginning. D The research question is posed first, and themes emerge through interviews. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. How should the researcher proceed when the second person interviewed during a phenomenological study makes statements that are very similar to those made by the first participant? a. Stop interviewing more participants because the data are considered saturated. b. Ask the second participant whether he or she has been talking with the first participant. c. Continue to interview more participants to determine whether the similarities in responses persist or were just coincidental. d. Continue to interview participants but change the phrasing of the question used to initiate dialogue. ANS: C Feedback A Two interviews are not sufficient to determine data saturation. B The researcher should not discuss other interviews with a participant. C The researcher should continue with further interviews. Themes need to be consistent among multiple interviews before the researcher stops collecting data. D The question should not be modified, as that will change participant responses and make it difficult to determine if common themes emerge from the data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. How does the researcher know that data saturation has occurred? a. When all participants agree on the themes derived from the study b. When the ideas or data coming from new participants have all been expressed by previous participants c. When the emerging themes are congruent with those developed as a result of previous studies of the same phenomenon d. When the participants are no longer interested or willing to discuss their experiences or feelings ANS: B Feedback A Participant agreement on themes does not determine data saturation. B Data saturation is determined to have occurred when the researcher recognizes that he or she has heard the themes in multiple prior interviews. Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 C Phenomenologists do not use previous studies to determine data saturation as each new group of participants has its own unique set of subjective experiences compared with past groups in similar studies. D Participant interest does not determine data saturation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. In a report of a phenomenological study, you find direct quotes from the participants threaded throughout the narrative. What is the significance of this observation? a. The researcher is supporting his or her findings. b. The researcher is attempting to make the report more personal. c. The technique violates the human participants’ right to protection. d. The technique ensures that the proper level of data saturation has been reached. ANS: A Feedback A Direct quotes allow the reader to evaluate what the participants said and how the researcher labelled what was said. B Use of quotes is not a researcher’s attempt to make a report personal but is consistent with the phenomenological method. C Use of direct quotes does not violate human participants’ right to protection as long as the researcher does not cite the participant’s real name. D Use of direct quotes is part of data reporting and not related to data saturation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. Which of the following is considered the foundation of the grounded theory method of qualitative research? a. Cultural anthropology b. Spirituality or religiosity c. Philosophy, art, and science d. Symbolic interaction and social science ANS: D Feedback A Ethnographic studies emerged from anthropology. B Spirituality is not considered a source of research. C Phenomenology is considered to have stemmed from philosophy. D Grounded theory emerged from social science and symbolic interaction. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 12. Which of the following data-gathering techniques is accepted in the grounded theory approach but not in the phenomenological approach? a. Face-to-face interview b. Recorded interview c. Participant-written response to written questions d. Skilled observation of individuals in a social setting ANS: D Feedback A Phenomenologists use face-to-face interviews. B Phenomenologists use recorded interviews. C Phenomenologists use participant-written responses. D Grounded theorists observe participants in their natural settings. This practice is referred to as fieldwork. Phenomenologists do not use fieldwork. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. Why is literature review expected to be limited in a study that employs grounded theory methods? a. Studies using grounded theory methods are sparse. b. Grounded theory is more sensitive to cultural values than to the researcher’s values. c. Theories are expected to emerge directly from current research data and not from previous research. d. By limiting the literature review, the researcher ensures that personal biases are bracketed. ANS: C Feedback A Grounded theory studies are not sparse. B Grounded theory does not focus specifically on cultural values. C Grounded theory emerges from current research data and reflects the contextual values that are integral to the social processes being studied. D It is not necessary for the researcher to limit the literature review in order to bracket the preconceived notions of a phenomenon. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. Which of the following actions or behaviours should be avoided in a study employing grounded theory methods? a. Having “hunches” about emerging patterns before data gathering is completed b. The researcher expressing his or her opinions or values to the participant c. Changing how data about experiences are collected or selected after the study has been initiated Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 d. Expanding codes or data categories as the study progresses ANS: B Feedback A Grounded theorists often pursue hunches as data emerges. B Researchers want to observe participants interacting in natural social settings. Interjection of the researcher’s opinion disrupts the natural setting. C Emerging data can cause a researcher to change how experiences are observed or how data are collected. D Expansion of data codes and categories is expected to occur as data emerge. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. Which of the following statements is consistent with an emic view of a factor or situation? a. A health care provider’s statement that Aboriginal people are stoic in the experience of pain b. A kindergarten teacher’s statement that there are fewer discipline problems among Asian children c. The Canadian Cancer Society’s report that the incidence rate of prostate cancer is higher among African-Canadian men d. A Caucasian teenager’s statement that being skinny is more socially acceptable than having normal weight or being overweight ANS: D Feedback A The health care provider’s statement provides an outsider’s view or etic view. B The kindergarten teacher’s statement provides an etic view. C The cancer agency report provides an etic view. D Emic refers to an insider’s view. The teenager’s statement provides a view on body weight related to the teenager’s personal experience. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. Which of the following titles suggests that the study employs the ethnographic method? a. The Phenomenon of Breast Self-Examination Among African-Canadian Women b. The Lived Experience of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women c. The Need for Culturally Sensitive Cancer Prevention Patient Education Materials d. Preserving Femininity After Mastectomy ANS: A Feedback A Researchers use the ethnographic method to examine cultural variations in health. The other answers do not refer to issues related to cultural behaviour. B Lived experience is consistent with phenomenology. Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 C Culturally sensitive educational material is a patient need but not a research study focus. D Femininity after mastectomy is not a research topic that specifically addresses issues related to cultural variations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. For an ethnographic study titled “How Rural Northern Albertan Families With Preschool Children Define and Practice Health,” the researcher gathered data from mothers who were identified as the primary directors of health care within the family unit. What role did the mothers have in this study? a. Community informants b. General informants c. Local informants d. Key informants ANS: D Feedback A This is not the proper term for the participants. B This is not the proper term for these participants. C This is not the proper term for these participants. D Key informants are individuals with special knowledge who are willing to provide information to the ethnographer about a phenomenon. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. Which of the following research questions illustrates the ethnographic approach to qualitative research? a. In what ways do Puerto Rican women obtain health information? b. What is the quality of life for persons living with HIV infection? c. What was Florence Nightingale’s involvement in sanitation reforms during the 1860s? d. How do individuals with heart disease experience anger? ANS: A Feedback A Ethnographic studies address questions that concern how cultural knowledge, norms, values, and other contextual variables influence one’s health experience. B Quality of life is related to day-to-day experience, more consistent with phenomenology. C An examination of Florence Nightingale’s activities would be a historical study. D Studying the experience of anger is consistent with the phenomenological approach. Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. In historical research, what or who constitutes the sample of the study? a. Individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study b. Physical setting(s) in which the event occurred c. Researchers and data gatherers d. Data sources ANS: D Feedback A While speaking with the main characters offers relevant information, it would provide insufficient information in a historical study. B Examining the physical setting alone is insufficient. C Researchers are data gatherers and not the sample. D The sample consists of multiple data sources such as documents, videos, and witnesses that describe the event under study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. Which of the following pioneers of qualitative nursing research is known for the phenomenological study that provided the basis for the theory of “human becoming”? a. Leininger b. Newman c. Parse d. Strauss ANS: C Feedback A Leininger was an expert researcher in Culture Care. B Newman studied and theorized about Health as Expanding Consciousness. C Parse developed the theory of Human Becoming. D Strauss was one of the two developers of grounded theory. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 21. What is the purpose of a “grounded theory” research design? a. To ensure that the theory used has appropriate philosophical underpinnings b. To move a concept from the perceived view to the received view c. To test a theory for its specific application d. To examine patterns of action and interaction between and among various types of social units ANS: D Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 Feedback A Expanding research into other disciplines is not a focus of grounded theory. B Phenomenology examines human experience. C Ethnographic studies examine cultural aspects. D Grounded theorists are interested in social process and human interaction. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 22. Which of the following specific major premises of grounded theory is represented when the members of a nation are outraged by their nation’s flag being burned by the members of another nation? a. Social interactions are the focus of grounded theory. b. Humans respond to objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for them. c. People use interpretive processes in order to deal with or change the meanings of their situations. d. Personal meanings arise from interactions with others over time and are perceived through one’s individual worldview. ANS: A Feedback A Symbolic interactionism supports grounded theory studies, and social interactions are the focus of these studies. B In phenomenological studies, not grounded theory studies, humans respond to objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for them. C Phenomenological research is used to answer questions of meaning and to understand experiences as those having the experiences understand them. D Phenomenological research is used to answer questions of meaning and to understand experiences as those having the experiences understand them. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance 23. How are ethnographic and phenomenological studies different? a. Ethnographic studies include both qualitative and quantitative data, whereas phenomenological studies employ only qualitative methods of data collection. b. Ethnographic research makes extensive use of case studies, whereas phenomenological research relies more on questionnaires that include multiple- choice options. c. Phenomenological research focuses on the meaning of an event or experience to an individual or group of people, whereas ethnographic research focuses on patterns of behaviour of people within a culture. d. Phenomenological research requires that data be collected face to face over an extended period and in the person’s natural setting; ethnographic studies collect the history of a culture by using primary and secondary documents as key data Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|32034555 sources. ANS: C Feedback A Some aspects of this answer are correct; but it is not entirely correct. B Phenomenological research does not rely on questionnaires that include multiple-choice questions. C Phenomenological research focuses on the meaning of an event or experience to an individual or group of people, whereas ethnographic research focuses on patterns of behaviour of people within a culture. This accurately describes phenomenological and ethnographic research. D It is correct that phenomenological research requires that data be collected face to face over an extended period and in the person’s natural setting; it is not correct that ethnographic studies collect the history of a culture by using primary and secondary documents as key data sources. This part describes historical research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion and Maintenance Downloaded by jgiy ygiy ([email protected])