Chapter_6-review_sheet.docx

Chapter 6: The Skeletomuscular System label the diagram of bone tissue below: Describe the difference between compact and spongy bone. Compact Bone Dense bone tissue made of structural units called osteons. Each osteon consists of osteocytes arranged in layers called lamella around a central canal S...

Chapter 6: The Skeletomuscular System label the diagram of bone tissue below: Describe the difference between compact and spongy bone. Compact Bone Dense bone tissue made of structural units called osteons. Each osteon consists of osteocytes arranged in layers called lamella around a central canal Spongy Bone Hollow bone tissue; the makeup is a latticework of plates of bone called trabeculae Using your textbook: Label the parts of the long bone below: Write a description for each part. Epiphysis – Round ends of a bone, red marrow found in spongy bone in round ends Diaphysis – shaft, long part of the bone between the rounded ends Periosteum – outer covering of a bone Medullary Cavity – bone marrow cavity; located in the shaft, contains yellow marrow Articulate Cartilage – cartilage that cover ends of a bone Epiphyseal Plate – growth plate; allows the bone to grow in length Label the skeleton below: How many bones does it contain? 206 Bones Axial skeleton – 80 bones Skull, Ribcage, Sternum, Spinal Column Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones The skull has 2 main parts Cranium – 8; houses the brain Face – 14; support sensory structures and provide places for muscle to attach Give a location for the bones and parts of bones listed below: Frontal – 1; forms the anterior portion of the cranium; commonly called forehead Parietals – 2; forms the top portion of the cranium Occipital – 1; forms the posterior portion of the cranium Foramen magnum – large opening in the occipital bone that allows the brainstem and spinal cord to connect Occipital condyle – oval shape structure on each side of the foramen magnum; rest on the 1st vertebra in the neck Temporal bones – 2; forms part of the side of the cranium; contains ear opening External auditory meatus Sphenoid – butterfly shaped bone in the cranium Ethmoid – best hidden bone of the cranium; most of it is within the nasal cavity; t shaped Maxilla – 2; upper jaw; anterior part of the roof of the mouth Palatines – 2; posterior part of the roof of the mouth, palate Mandible – 1; lower jaw, only movable bone in the face Zygomatic bones – 2; cheek bones Lacrimals – 2; in the eye orbit, contains opening for tears Nasal bones – 2; forms in the bridge of the nose Vomer – 2; forms the inferior part of the nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae – 2; located in the nasal cavity; help filter inhaled air Name the different groups of vertebrae that make up the vertebral column. How many bones are in each group? Total of 26 Vertebrae Cervical – 7; located in the neck Atlas – 1st cervical vertebra Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae Thoracic – 12; located behind the chest cavity Lunbar – 5; lower back Sacrum – 1; Fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae, stabilizes the pelvis Coccyx – 1; Fusion of 4 vertebrae; tailbone Vertebrae – the bones of the vertebral column Intervertebral disks-fibro – cartilage pads between the vertebra, shock absorbers Slipped disk – is actually a disk that bulges inward and can press against the spinal cord Name the bones in the pelvic girdle. Pelvic girdle – composed of the pubic bone; coxal Each coxal bone is made of 3 bones Ilium – upper flared bone at the top of the pelvis Ishium – bone we sit on Pubis – bone at he bottom; front side Acetabulum – large socket the femur fits into Pubic Symphysis – cartilage pad between the pubic bones Name the bones in the upper limb. Humerus – long bone in the upper arm Radius – lateral bone in the forearm Ulna – medial bone in the forearm Carpals – 8; bones in the wrist Metacarparls – 5; bones in the middle of the hand Phalanges – 14; bones in the fingers Name the bones in the pectoral girdle. Pectoral Girdle – Shoulder; contains 2 bones Clavicle – collar bone Scapula – shoulder blade Name the bones in the lower limb. Femur – Thigh; largest and strongest bone in the body Patella – Kneecap; Bone forms after birth as movement rubs the tendon over knee joint Tibia – Lower leg; Strong, weight supporting bone of the lower leg Fibula – Lower leg; Weak, non-weight bearing bone knitted to the tibia Tarsals – 7; Ankle Bones; The talus, supports the entire weight of the body with each step Calcaneus – heel bone; largest tarsal Talus – 2nd largest tarsal; top of the ankle Metatarsals – 5; Can easily snap under pressure from poorly fitted athletic shoes Phalanges – 14; The phalanx (great toe) is used in balance during walking Name the types of ribs in the ribcage: How many does each group contain? What is the sternum? Sternum – commonly called the breast bone Manubrium – upper part Body – middle part Xiphoid process – bottom part True ribs – rib pairs 1-7; attached to the sternum False Ribs – rib pairs 8-10; attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib Floating Ribs – rib pairs 11, 12; not attached Protect the heart and lungs; 12 pairs Differentiate between synarthrocic, amphiarthrocic and diarthrocic joints. Synarthrocic – Immovable joint Suture – joint between the skull bones Tooth socket – a cone shaped peg fits into a socket Amphiarthrotic – Slightly movable Fibrocartilage pad between bones Intervertebral disks Diarthrocic – Freely movable Synovial – fluid secreted by the inner membrane of the synovial joint, similar in viscosity to egg white Bursae – a fluid-silled sac between the bones or tendons of a joint and the skin, positioned to reduce friction Meniscus – cartilage pad within joints tha cushion bones and assist in “fit” Name the types of diarthrocic joints studied and give an example of the location in the body. 3 types Ball and socket – hip and shoulder A rounded end of one bone fits into a cup-like structure on another bone, moving arms and legs in a circle; circumduction Hinge – knee Angular movement; bones move in one plane like the hinge of a door Pivot – neck Rotation; one bone rotates on another; atlas rotates on axis Name the types of movements diarthrocic joints allow us to make. Flexion – motion that decrease the angle between the bones of the joint, bringing the bones closer together Extension – motion that increases the angle between the bones of the joint Dorsi-flexion – movement that pulls the toes back toward the body Plantar-flexion – raising the heel off the floor Rotation – movement of a body part around its own axis Circumduction – movement of a body part in a wide circle so that the motion describes a cone Adduction – movement of a body part toward the body midline Abduction – movement of a body part away from the body midline How many skeletal muscles are in the body? 640 Skeletal muscles in the body Movement of body parts Maintains posture Muscle contraction generate heat which helps regulate body temperature Allows us to change our facial expressions; speak Origin – part of the muscle attached to a stationary bone Insertion – part of the muscle attached to a movable bone Name some ways skeletal muscles are named. Direction of muscle fibers Size of muscle Shape of muscle Location of muscle Number of heads of origin Origin and insertion Action of the muscle A muscle is made up of bundles of muscles cells : fibers, each bundle is called a fascicle Epimysium – connective tissue covering of a muscle Perimysium – connective tissue covering of fascicle Endomysium – connective tissue covering of each muscle cell, fiber Myofibril – is a rod like structure within a muscle cell, fiber Contain striations produced by alternating thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments Sarcomere – is a unit on a myofibril The ends of each sarcomere are marked by dark protein bands called Z lines (disc) Actin and myosin proteins alternate within the sarcomere Actin – is attached to the z-line (disc) Myosin – filaments lie in the middle of the sarcomere, they are not attached directly to the z-line Myosin attaches to actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere producing muscle contraction Describe neuromuscular junction 4 steps ACh is released from the end of neuron Synaptic cleft (space), Acetylcholine ACh binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, eventually stimulating the release of calcium inside the muscle cell. A contraction cycle is begun in the cell, electrical signal The ACh in the synapse is removed by the enzymes, ending its effects on the cell Continued Contraction is triggered when a nerve impulse travels down a motor neuron until it reaches the neuromuscular junction The motor neuron releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle membrane The binding of acetylcholine to the muscle membrane causes Ions to flow across the membrane generating an impulse Structures called T- tubules carry the impulse inside the muscle cell to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which release Ca++ When Ca ++ is free inside a muscle cell, myosin attaches to actin and pulls it producing muscle contraction Motor Unit Is a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates It makes a peak on a graph, bell curve ATP is needed for muscle contraction