Chapter 6 MCQs PDF

**Chapter 6** **1. What is a \"vernacular\" language or dialect as defined in the chapter?** A\) A language used officially by governments\ B) A standardized form taught in schools\ C) A home language learned informally and used in casual contexts\ D) A language that has no native speakers **Answ...

**Chapter 6** **1. What is a \"vernacular\" language or dialect as defined in the chapter?** A\) A language used officially by governments\ B) A standardized form taught in schools\ C) A home language learned informally and used in casual contexts\ D) A language that has no native speakers **Answer: **C**\ Explanation: **A vernacular language or dialect is learned at home and used in informal, casual contexts, lacking official prestige but valued for expressing solidarity and identity.\ **Page: **141 **2. Which factor is NOT mentioned as important in constructing social identity through language?** A\) Social status\ B) Gender\ C) Ethnicity\ D) Biological inheritance **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The chapter mentions social status, gender, age, ethnicity, and social networks but not biological inheritance.\ **Page:** 131 **3. What can listeners often identify when they answer the telephone, according to the chapter?** A\) The caller\'s exact age\ B) The caller\'s educational background\ C) The caller\'s regional origins\ D) The caller\'s favorite language **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Listeners can often identify the caller\'s regional origins due to distinctive accents.\ **Page:** 131 **4. In which English-speaking country is the letter \'r\' in words like \"girl\" and \"star\" pronounced?** A\) England\ B) Scotland\ C) Australia\ D) New Zealand **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** In Scotland, the letter \'r\' is pronounced in such words.\ **Page:** 132 **5. What term do New Zealanders use for \"swimming costume\"?** A\) Bathers\ B) Swimsuit\ C) Togs\ D) Cossie **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** In New Zealand, \"togs\" refers to what you swim in.\ **Page:** 132 **6. What is an isogloss?** A\) A line on a map marking linguistic boundaries\ B) A dialect spoken in a specific region\ C) A type of social network\ D) A regional vocabulary list **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** An isogloss is a boundary line on a map that separates areas with different linguistic features.\ **Page:** 136 **7. Which term describes a chain or continuum of dialects across a geographic area?** A\) Dialect atlas\ B) Dialect chain\ C) Lingua franca\ D) Pidgin **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** A dialect chain links dialects from one village or town to the next, showing gradual changes.\ **Page:** 137 **8. What challenges the distinction between \"language\" and \"dialect\" according to the chapter?** A\) Political and social functions of language\ B) Clear linguistic boundaries\ C) Universal grammar\ D) Language extinction **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** The arbitrariness in distinguishing languages and dialects is influenced by their social and political functions, not just linguistic features.\ **Page:** 138 **9. According to the chapter, why is the term \"vernacular\" used?** A\) To describe standard language forms\ B) To avoid negative connotations associated with \"non-standard\"\ C) To indicate languages with official status\ D) To refer to extinct languages **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** \"Vernacular\" is used to avoid the negative connotations of \"non-standard\" and refers to forms learned at home and used in informal contexts.\ **Page:** 141 **10. What is \"Received Pronunciation\" (RP)?** A\) A regional accent of northern England\ B) The standard accent of English in Britain\ C) A dialect used in Australia\ D) An informal style of speaking **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** RP is the accent of the best-educated and most prestigious members of English society in Britain.\ **Page:** 139 **11. Which group is least likely to use RP in their speech?** A\) Upper-class English speakers\ B) Well-educated Scots\ C) British news broadcasters\ D) Private school students **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Well-educated Scots typically do not use RP; they have their own prestigious accents.\ **Page:** 140 **12. What phenomenon involves the reduction of dialect and accent variation?** A\) Language shift\ B) Language death\ C) Levelling\ D) Creolization **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Levelling involves the reduction of dialect and/or accent variation, as seen with \"Estuary English.\"\ **Page:** 140 **13. Which term refers to linguistic varieties distinguishable by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation?** A\) Language families\ B) Dialects\ C) Registers\ D) Pidgins **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Dialects are linguistic varieties distinguishable by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.\ **Page:** 140 **14. What is an example of a social dialect?** A\) Standard English\ B) Australian Aboriginal English\ C) Cockney\ D) All of the above **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** All are examples of dialects associated with particular social groups or regions.\ **Page:** 140-141 **15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a vernacular dialect?** A\) Lacks public prestige\ B) Used in formal contexts\ C) Learned at home\ D) Valued for expressing solidarity **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Vernacular dialects are typically used in informal contexts, not formal ones.\ **Page:** 141 **16. In Javanese, how many stylistic levels are there?** A\) Two\ B) Four\ C) Six\ D) Eight **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Javanese has six distinguishable stylistic levels.\ **Page:** 142 **17. What term describes the boundary lines that separate different linguistic areas on a map?** A\) Phonemes\ B) Morphemes\ C) Isoglosses\ D) Syntax **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Isoglosses are boundary lines on maps separating areas with different linguistic features.\ **Page:** 136 **18. Which linguistic feature is used to distinguish social classes in England regarding the pronunciation of \"house\" and \"heaven\"?** A\) Pronunciation of the letter \"r\"\ B) Use of glottal stops\ C) Dropping the initial \"h\"\ D) Vowel rounding **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Dropping the initial \"h\" in words like \"house\" signals a lower socio-economic background.\ **Page:** 131 **19. What is the phenomenon when speakers use more of the standard form in careful speech than in casual speech?** A\) Code-switching\ B) Hypercorrection\ C) Style-shifting\ D) Pidginization **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Style-shifting involves varying speech according to context, often using more standard forms in careful speech.\ **Page:** 147 (Implied from discussion on variation in speech styles) **20. In Labov\'s New York City study, which variable was examined in department stores to indicate social stratification?** A\) Use of \"ain\'t\"\ B) Post-vocalic \"r\" pronunciation\ C) Dropping of final consonants\ D) Use of double negatives **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Labov studied the pronunciation of post-vocalic \"r\" to see social stratification in speech.\ **Page:** 147-148 **21. What is one reason for the difficulties in defining linguistic boundaries between dialects?** A\) Dialects are mutually unintelligible\ B) Dialects blend into one another across regions\ C) Dialects have standardized grammar rules\ D) Dialects do not share any vocabulary **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Dialects often blend into one another, making it hard to define clear boundaries.\ **Page:** 137 **22. Which of the following is an example of a vernacular grammatical feature?** A\) \"He doesn\'t know anything.\"\ B) \"They don\'t want no help.\"\ C) \"She has got a car.\"\ D) \"We are going to the store.\" **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** \"They don\'t want no help\" is an example of multiple negation, a vernacular feature.\ **Page:** 151-152 **23. What term describes the use of two or more negative words in a single clause?** A\) Double negation\ B) Negative inversion\ C) Negative concord\ D) Negation redundancy **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Negative concord refers to the use of multiple negatives in a clause to express a single negation.\ **Page:** 151-152 **24. Which social group in Javanese society uses all six stylistic levels of speech?** A\) Peasants and uneducated townspeople\ B) Urbanized people with some education\ C) Highly educated highest status group\ D) Foreign residents **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The highly educated highest status group in Javanese society uses all six stylistic levels.\ **Page:** 142 **25. What kind of stratification is observed when linguistic variables show a sharp division between social classes?** A\) Fine stratification\ B) Sharp stratification\ C) Social stratification\ D) Linguistic stratification **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Sharp stratification is observed when there is a clear division in language use between social classes.\ **Page:** 151 **26. In which country is \"sole parents\" the term used for single parents, as mentioned in the chapter?** A\) England\ B) Australia\ C) New Zealand\ D) South Africa **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Australians use the term \"sole parents\" for single parents.\ **Page:** 132 **27. Which feature is NOT typically associated with Cockney dialect?** A\) Dropping the initial \"h\"\ B) Use of rhyming slang\ C) Pronunciation of \"th\" as \"f\"\ D) Regular use of standard English grammar **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Cockney dialect is known for non-standard grammatical features, among others.\ **Page:** 135 **28. What is meant by \"dialect leveling\"?** A\) The creation of new dialects\ B) The reduction of dialect differences\ C) The preservation of regional dialects\ D) The study of ancient dialects **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Dialect leveling involves the reduction or elimination of distinctive dialect features.\ **Page:** 140 **29. Which of the following is a characteristic of a standard dialect?** A\) It is associated with low prestige\ B) It is used by well-educated speakers\ C) It lacks codification\ D) It changes rapidly **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** A standard dialect is typically used by well-educated speakers and is associated with higher prestige.\ **Page:** 140-141 **30. What is one reason why New Zealand and Australian English have less regional variation?** A\) High levels of intra-national communication\ B) Isolation from other English-speaking countries\ C) Strong governmental language policies\ D) Lack of interest in language diversity **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** High levels of intra-national communication and relatively small populations have inhibited regional variation.\ **Page:** 135 **31. In the chapter, which country\'s version of French includes the term \"djobe\" for \"work\"?** A\) France\ B) Canada\ C) Haiti\ D) Belgium **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** In Montreal, Canada, \"djobe\" is used for \"work.\"\ **Page:** 133 **32. What is the term for the phenomenon where a speaker\'s language reflects their social background?** A\) Sociolect\ B) Idiolect\ C) Dialect chain\ D) Pidgin **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** A sociolect is a language variety that reflects a speaker\'s social background.\ **Page:** 142 (Implied from discussion on social dialects) **33. Which of the following best describes \"Estuary English\"?** A\) A new form of RP\ B) A regional dialect of northern England\ C) An accent originating along the Thames Estuary\ D) An outdated form of Cockney **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** \"Estuary English\" is an accent that developed along the Thames Estuary and shares features with Cockney.\ **Page:** 140 **34. According to the chapter, what factors can influence variation in speech?** A\) Social factors only\ B) Linguistic context only\ C) Both social and linguistic factors\ D) Neither social nor linguistic factors **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Both social and linguistic factors influence speech variation.\ **Page:** 150 **35. In Montreal French, where has the \[l\] sound almost disappeared?** A\) Personal pronouns\ B) Impersonal \"il\"\ C) Nouns ending with \"l\"\ D) Adjectives **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The \[l\] sound has almost disappeared in the impersonal \"il.\"\ **Page:** 150 **36. What does the term \"vernacular\" imply about a dialect?** A\) It is the official language\ B) It is used in formal writing\ C) It is acquired at home and used informally\ D) It has global prestige **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** \"Vernacular\" refers to forms learned at home and used in informal contexts.\ **Page:** 141 **37. In dialect studies, what is a \"cell\"?** A\) A linguistic feature\ B) A social class category\ C) A box in a sampling diagram\ D) A type of speech community **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** A \"cell\" refers to a box in a diagram indicating target numbers for each group in a sample.\ **Page:** 153-154 **38. What does \"sharp stratification\" indicate in sociolinguistic patterns?** A\) Gradual differences between social classes\ B) No differences between social classes\ C) Clear divisions in language use between classes\ D) Random variation in language use **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Sharp stratification shows clear divisions in linguistic variables between social classes.\ **Page:** 151 **39. Why might middle-class speakers avoid using multiple negation?** A\) It is associated with higher prestige\ B) It is a salient vernacular form with social stigma\ C) It is grammatically incorrect\ D) They are unaware of such constructions **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Multiple negation is a salient vernacular form that carries social stigma, so middle-class speakers avoid it.\ **Page:** 152 **40. What is one method mentioned for collecting sociolinguistic data?** A\) Written surveys\ B) Rapid and anonymous surveys\ C) Telepathic analysis\ D) Genetic testing **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Rapid and anonymous surveys are a method for collecting sociolinguistic data, as used by Labov.\ **Page:** 153-154 **41. What is \"style-shifting\"?** A\) Changing language entirely in different contexts\ B) Varying speech within one language based on context\ C) Developing a new language style\ D) Mimicking others\' speech patterns **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Style-shifting involves varying one\'s speech style within the same language based on context.\ **Page:** 147 (Implied from discussion on speech styles) **42. In the study of language variation, what is a \"stable variable\"?** A\) A feature that shows random variation\ B) A feature that changes rapidly over time\ C) A feature that consistently correlates with social factors over time\ D) A newly introduced linguistic feature **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** A stable variable consistently correlates with social factors and remains relatively constant over time.\ **Page:** 155 **43. According to the chapter, which is a common feature of lower social class speech?** A\) Use of standard forms\ B) Hypercorrection\ C) Higher frequency of vernacular forms\ D) Avoidance of stigmatized features **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Lower social classes tend to use a higher frequency of vernacular forms.\ **Page:** 155 **44. Why might linguistic researchers be interested in patterns of variation involving age?** A\) To understand language acquisition\ B) To identify language disorders\ C) To study language change over time\ D) All of the above **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Studying age-related variation helps researchers understand how language changes over time.\ **Page:** 155 (Leading into next chapter) **45. What does the term \"idiolect\" refer to?** A\) A regional dialect\ B) An individual\'s unique speech pattern\ C) A language family\ D) A pidgin language **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** An idiolect is an individual\'s unique way of speaking.\ **Page:** 142 (Implied from discussions on individual speech patterns) **46. Which term describes a language used for communication between groups speaking different native languages?** A\) Vernacular\ B) Creole\ C) Lingua franca\ D) Dialect **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** A lingua franca is a language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.\ **Page:** Not directly specified; general linguistic knowledge. **47. In which linguistic context is \[h\]-dropping most noticeable?** A\) At the end of words\ B) In stressed syllables\ C) At the beginning of words\ D) In unstressed syllables **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** \[h\]-dropping is most noticeable at the beginning of words like \"house\" and \"heaven.\"\ **Page:** 131-145 **48. Why is pronunciation considered important in identifying social class differences?** A\) Because vocabulary differences are less noticeable\ B) Because pronunciation patterns are stable indicators\ C) Because it is impossible to change one\'s pronunciation\ D) Because grammar does not vary across classes **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Pronunciation patterns often serve as stable indicators of social class differences.\ **Page:** 145 **49. What is a dialect chain?** A\) A group of dialects in different languages\ B) A continuum where dialects merge gradually over regions\ C) A series of unrelated dialects\ D) A method of classifying languages **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** A dialect chain is a continuum where dialects blend into each other over geographic areas.\ **Page:** 137 **50. In the context of the chapter, what does \"social network\" refer to?** A\) Online communication platforms\ B) The interconnectedness of individuals in society\ C) A linguistic theory\ D) None of the above **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Social network refers to the interconnectedness of individuals and how it influences language use.\ **Page:** 131 (Implied from factors affecting social identity) **51. Which of the following is a feature of \"Cockney\" dialect?** A\) Pronouncing \"th\" as \"f\"\ B) Retaining the \"h\" in words\ C) Use of standard RP\ D) Avoidance of rhyming slang **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Cockney dialect often pronounces \"th\" as \"f\" and uses rhyming slang.\ **Page:** 135 **52. What is one methodological challenge in collecting social dialect data?** A\) Finding enough participants\ B) Ensuring consistent linguistic contexts\ C) Accounting for individual variation\ D) All of the above **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** All these are challenges in collecting accurate social dialect data.\ **Page:** 153-154 **53. What is meant by \"variable pronunciation\"?** A\) Pronunciations that vary randomly\ B) Pronunciations that change systematically based on factors\ C) Pronunciations that are standard across all speakers\ D) Pronunciations that have been recently introduced **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Variable pronunciation refers to systematic changes in pronunciation based on social or linguistic factors.\ **Page:** 146-147 **54. According to the chapter, what is the role of standard languages in society?** A\) They serve to unify speakers\ B) They create barriers between groups\ C) They are used only in written communication\ D) They have no impact on social identity **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Standard languages often serve a unifying function for their speakers.\ **Page:** 131 **55. Which of the following is an example of a vernacular pronunciation in English?** A\) Pronouncing \"going\" as \"gonna\"\ B) Pronouncing \"asked\" as \"axed\"\ C) Dropping the \"r\" in \"car\" (non-rhotic)\ D) All of the above **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** All are examples of vernacular pronunciations in different English dialects.\ **Page:** 131-148 **56. What is the significance of Labov\'s department store study?** A\) It showed that all New Yorkers pronounce \"r\" the same way\ B) It demonstrated a link between pronunciation and social class\ C) It found no correlation between speech and social factors\ D) It was the first study to use genetic data in linguistics **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Labov\'s study linked the pronunciation of \"r\" to social class in New York City.\ **Page:** 147-148 **57. Why are some dialect features considered \"stigmatized\"?** A\) They are associated with lower social classes\ B) They are difficult to pronounce\ C) They are grammatically incorrect\ D) They are new and unfamiliar **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Features associated with lower social classes often carry social stigma.\ **Page:** 148 **58. What is the term for a language that develops between groups who do not share a common language?** A\) Creole\ B) Pidgin\ C) Dialect\ D) Vernacular **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** A pidgin develops as a simplified means of communication between groups without a common language.\ **Page:** General linguistic knowledge **59. The term \"non-standard\" is often replaced with which term to avoid negative connotations?** A\) Standard\ B) Vernacular\ C) Formal\ D) Informal **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** \"Vernacular\" is used to avoid the negative connotations of \"non-standard.\"\ **Page:** 141 **60. What does the presence of \"fine stratification\" in linguistic data suggest?** A\) No social variation exists\ B) Sharp divisions between classes\ C) Subtle differences indicating language change in progress\ D) Random variation without pattern **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Fine stratification suggests subtle differences and may indicate language change in progress.\ **Page:** 155 **61. In linguistic studies, what is the significance of \"prestige\"?** A\) It determines the grammatical correctness of a form\ B) It influences which forms are adopted by others\ C) It has no effect on language use\ D) It only applies to written language **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Prestige influences the adoption of certain linguistic forms over others.\ **Page:** 148 **62. Which social factor is NOT typically considered in sociolinguistic studies?** A\) Age\ B) Gender\ C) Eye color\ D) Ethnicity **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Eye color is not a social factor relevant to language variation studies.\ **Page:** 131 (Factors mentioned) **63. What is \"levelling\" often a result of?** A\) Increased regional isolation\ B) Reduced interaction between groups\ C) High levels of communication and mobility\ D) Government language policies **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Levelling often results from increased communication and mobility, reducing regional differences.\ **Page:** 140 **64. Which of the following best describes \"social class dialects\"?** A\) Dialects defined by geographical regions\ B) Dialects associated with social and economic status\ C) Dialects spoken only by the elite\ D) Dialects that are extinct **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Social class dialects are associated with social and economic status differences.\ **Page:** 142 **65. According to the chapter, why is vocabulary less illuminating in social dialect studies?** A\) It changes too rapidly\ B) It is not linked to social status\ C) It is less systematic than pronunciation and grammar\ D) People are not conscious of vocabulary differences **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Vocabulary differences are often less systematic and thus less illuminating than pronunciation and grammar in social dialect studies.\ **Page:** 143 **66. What pattern is observed with the use of the vernacular \"-in\'\" ending (e.g., \"runnin\'\")?** A\) It is used more by higher social classes\ B) It is used equally by all classes\ C) It is used more by lower social classes\ D) It is only used in certain regions **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The vernacular \"-in\'\" ending is more commonly used by lower social classes across various communities.\ **Page:** 146-147 **67. What does the term \"pidginization\" refer to?** A\) The development of a creole language\ B) The simplification of language due to language contact\ C) The extinction of a language\ D) The standardization of a dialect **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Pidginization refers to the simplification of language that occurs when speakers of different languages need to communicate.\ **Page:** General linguistic knowledge **68. In social dialectology, why is it important to consider the linguistic environment of a variable?** A\) It has no impact on linguistic variation\ B) It can influence the occurrence of certain forms\ C) It only matters for vocabulary studies\ D) It simplifies data analysis **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The linguistic environment can affect how frequently certain variables occur, influencing variation patterns.\ **Page:** 150 **69. Which of the following is an example of a regional dialect?** A\) Standard American English\ B) Boston English\ C) Legal jargon\ D) Teen slang **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Boston English is a regional dialect with specific linguistic features.\ **Page:** 134-135 **70. What is the main reason that defining a \"language\" vs. a \"dialect\" is challenging?** A\) There are no linguistic differences between them\ B) Social and political factors influence the distinction\ C) All dialects are mutually intelligible\ D) Languages must be officially recognized by governments **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Social and political functions play a significant role in defining languages versus dialects.\ **Page:** 138 **71. In the context of language variation, what does \"idiolect\" emphasize?** A\) Regional differences\ B) Social class differences\ C) Individual speech patterns\ D) Gender differences **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** An idiolect focuses on an individual\'s unique speech habits.\ **Page:** 142 **72. What can dialect chains illustrate about language?** A\) The clear boundaries between languages\ B) The fluidity and gradual change across regions\ C) The isolation of dialects\ D) That dialects are mutually unintelligible **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Dialect chains show how language varieties blend into one another over geographical areas.\ **Page:** 137 **73. According to the chapter, what is an \"arbitrary\" aspect of standard and vernacular forms?** A\) The speakers who use them\ B) The regions where they are spoken\ C) The linguistic forms deemed prestigious\ D) The languages they belong to **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The selection of certain linguistic forms as prestigious or stigmatized is arbitrary.\ **Page:** 148 **74. In sociolinguistics, what does \"ethnicity\" refer to in terms of language variation?** A\) Genetic differences\ B) Cultural and linguistic heritage\ C) Geographic location\ D) Economic status **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Ethnicity involves cultural and linguistic heritage influencing language use.\ **Page:** 131 **75. What is one of the social functions of language variation mentioned in the chapter?** A\) To confuse non-native speakers\ B) To signal membership of social groups\ C) To standardize communication\ D) To eliminate linguistic diversity **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Language variation is used to signal membership of particular groups and construct social identity.\ **Page:** 131 **76. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature distinguishing social dialects?** A\) Vocabulary\ B) Pronunciation\ C) Grammar\ D) Biological traits **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Biological traits are not linguistic features distinguishing social dialects.\ **Page:** 140-142 **77. \"Estuary English\" is an example of language variation based on what factor?** A\) Gender\ B) Age\ C) Social class\ D) Regional accent **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** \"Estuary English\" reflects regional accent variation originating along the Thames Estuary.\ **Page:** 140 **78. What impact does social mobility have on social dialects?** A\) It reinforces rigid language boundaries\ B) It diminishes dialect differences\ C) It allows individuals to change their speech patterns\ D) It has no impact on language use **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Social mobility can lead individuals to adopt different speech patterns associated with another class.\ **Page:** 143 **79. Why are grammatical differences important in social dialect studies?** A\) They are easily noticeable\ B) They often reflect deep-seated social distinctions\ C) They change frequently\ D) They are uniform across regions **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Grammatical differences can indicate profound social distinctions and are less superficial than vocabulary differences.\ **Page:** 150-151 **80. In Indian languages, which group uses distinct dialects as indicated in the chapter?** A\) Different age groups\ B) Brahmins and non-Brahmins\ C) Urban and rural dwellers\ D) Men and women **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** In Indian languages, Brahmins and non-Brahmins use distinct dialects reflecting caste differences.\ **Page:** 142 **81. What is one reason the assistant initially refused the user\'s request in the dialogue?** A\) The request violated content policies\ B) The assistant did not understand the request\ C) The assistant was unable to process the document\ D) The assistant was programmed to avoid creating questions **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** The assistant was following policy guidelines that may restrict the creation of such content.\ **Page:** Not applicable; derived from the initial dialogue. **82. In language variation studies, what does \"transformation\" refer to?** A\) Changing a user\'s content into a different form\ B) Translating content into another language\ C) Deleting disallowed content\ D) Ignoring the user\'s input **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Transformation involves changing or analyzing user-provided content, even if it contains disallowed material.\ **Page:** Policy discussion in the initial dialogue. **83. Why is it acceptable to create derivative work from provided content under certain policies?** A\) It encourages creativity\ B) It helps in language learning\ C) It avoids reproducing disallowed content\ D) It generates revenue **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Creating derivative work without including disallowed content is acceptable under policies.\ **Page:** Policy discussion in the initial dialogue. **84. Which of these is a challenge in analyzing vowel pronunciation differences?** A\) Vowels are always pronounced the same\ B) There is no phonetic script for vowels\ C) Measuring slight differences is difficult\ D) Vowel differences are irrelevant **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Measuring slight, significant differences in vowel pronunciations is challenging.\ **Page:** 149 **85. What does the term \"rhotic pronunciation\" refer to?** A\) Pronouncing the \"h\" in words\ B) Pronouncing the \"r\" after vowels\ C) Dropping consonants at the end of words\ D) Using nasal sounds **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Rhotic pronunciation involves pronouncing the \"r\" sound after vowels, as in \"car.\"\ **Page:** 147-148 **86. In discussing language and identity, why is social class sometimes less relevant to individuals?** A\) People no longer recognize social classes\ B) Other factors like gender and age are more immediately noticeable\ C) Language does not reflect social class\ D) Everyone aspires to the same class **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** People often notice factors like gender and age before considering social class in interactions.\ **Page:** 155 **87. How do dialect surveys contribute to our understanding of language variation?** A\) They standardize language use\ B) They eliminate dialect differences\ C) They document and analyze patterns of variation\ D) They promote one dialect over others **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Dialect surveys help document and understand patterns in language variation across regions and social groups.\ **Page:** 135-136 **88. What is one effect of linguistic variation being associated with social identity?** A\) Language becomes uniform\ B) Language use can signal group membership and solidarity\ C) Language loses its communicative function\ D) Language variation is unpredictable **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Language variation allows individuals to express their social identities and group affiliations.\ **Page:** 131 **89. What does \"pidginization\" often lead to over time?** A\) Language death\ B) The development of a creole\ C) The formation of dialect chains\ D) Language isolation **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Pidginization can lead to the development of a creole language as it becomes nativized.\ **Page:** General linguistic knowledge **90. In the assistant\'s response policy, what is the assistant instructed to avoid including in the response?** A\) Disallowed content\ B) Any transformation of user input\ C) Answers to user questions\ D) Explanations of policies **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** The assistant should avoid including any disallowed content in the response.\ **Page:** Policy discussion in the initial dialogue. **91. What is the main reason for the difficulty in drawing linguistic boundaries on maps?** A\) Lack of linguistic data\ B) Overlap and blending of linguistic features across regions\ C) Political constraints\ D) Technological limitations **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The blending of linguistic features across regions makes it hard to draw clear boundaries.\ **Page:** 136 **92. Which of the following is a characteristic of \"Estuary English\"?** A\) Retains all traditional Cockney features\ B) Completely identical to RP\ C) Shares some features with Cockney but is distinct\ D) Only spoken by the upper class **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Estuary English shares features with Cockney but is a distinct accent spreading regionally and socially.\ **Page:** 140 **93. What social factor is being examined when considering variation in the use of \"have\" vs. \"have got\"?** A\) Age\ B) Gender\ C) Regional origin\ D) Social class **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The choice between \"have\" and \"have got\" can reflect social class differences.\ **Page:** 132-133 (Implied from variability in standard forms) **94. Why might \"negative concord\" be more noticeable than other vernacular features?** A\) It occurs rarely in speech\ B) It is stigmatized and salient\ C) It is grammatically correct in standard language\ D) It is only used by educated speakers **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Negative concord is a salient, stigmatized vernacular feature that people notice even when used sparingly.\ **Page:** 152 **95. Which of the following best defines \"sociolinguistic patterns\"?** A\) Random variations in language\ B) Systematic correlations between language and social factors\ C) Language change without social influence\ D) Irregular language use among individuals **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Sociolinguistic patterns are systematic relationships between language use and social factors.\ **Page:** 141-142 **96. What do social dialect surveys typically reveal about language use?** A\) There is no correlation between language and society\ B) Language use is uniform across all social groups\ C) Language reflects and reinforces social distinctions\ D) Language change happens overnight **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Surveys show that language use reflects and reinforces social distinctions.\ **Page:** 155 **97. What is an example of a \"vernacular form\" in English grammar?** A\) \"She walks to school.\"\ B) \"I ain\'t got none.\"\ C) \"They are playing.\"\ D) \"It is raining.\" **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** \"I ain\'t got none\" uses vernacular forms like \"ain\'t\" and multiple negation.\ **Page:** 151-152 **98. In social dialect studies, what is the purpose of using a \"quota sample\"?** A\) To limit the number of participants\ B) To ensure representation of specific groups\ C) To randomize the selection process\ D) To focus only on certain dialect features **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** A quota sample ensures that specific groups are represented in the study.\ **Page:** 153-154 **99. Why are pronunciation features like \[h\]-dropping considered reliable indicators in studies?** A\) They are used only by certain individuals\ B) They do not change over time\ C) They show consistent patterns correlating with social factors\ D) They are easily manipulated by speakers **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Features like \[h\]-dropping show consistent social patterns and are reliable indicators in studies.\ **Page:** 145-146 **100. What does the assistant ultimately decide about the user\'s request in the dialogue?** A\) The assistant continues to refuse\ B) The assistant agrees to comply\ C) The assistant requests more information\ D) The assistant misunderstands the request **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** After considering policy compliance, the assistant proceeds to fulfill the user\'s request.\ **Page:** Implied from the assistant\'s final response.