Chapter 5 summary.pdf

1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill Chapter Summary 5.1 Introduction Tissues are groups of cells with specialized structural and functional roles. The four major types of human tissue are epithelia...

1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill Chapter Summary 5.1 Introduction Tissues are groups of cells with specialized structural and functional roles. The four major types of human tissue are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. 5.2 Epithelial Tissues 1. General characteristics and categories a. Epithelial tissue covers organs, lines cavities and hollow organs, and is the major tissue of glands. b. Epithelium is anchored to connective tissue by a basement membrane, lacks blood vessels, consists of tightly packed cells, and is replaced continuously. c. Epithelial tissue protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes. d. Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers. 2. Simple squamous epithelium a. This tissue consists of a single layer of thin, flattened cells. b. It functions in gas exchange in the lungs, lines blood and lymph vessels, and is part of the membranes lining body cavities and covering viscera. 3. Simple cuboidal epithelium a. This tissue consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. b. It carries on secretion and absorption in the kidneys and various glands. 4. Simple columnar epithelium a. This tissue is composed of elongated cells whose nuclei are near the basement membrane. b. It lines the uterus and digestive tract. c. Many absorbing cells have microvilli. d. This tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucus. 5. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium a. Nuclei located at two or more levels give this tissue a stratified appearance. b. Cilia that are part of this tissue move mucus over the surface of the tissue. c. It lines respiratory passages. 6. Stratified squamous epithelium a. This tissue is composed of many layers of cells. b. It protects underlying cells. https://my.mheducation.com/secure/teacher/urn:com.mheducation.openlearning:enterprise.identity.organization:prod.global:organization:8c0532eb-f7… 1/5 1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill c. It forms the superficial layer of the skin and lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal. 7. Stratified cuboidal epithelium a. This tissue is composed of two or three layers of cube-shaped cells. b. It lines the ducts of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. c. It protects. 8. Stratified columnar epithelium a. The top layer of cells in this tissue are column-shaped. Cube-shaped cells make up the bottom layers. b. It is in part of the male urethra and the lining of the larger ducts of exocrine glands. c. This tissue protects and secretes. 9. Transitional epithelium a. This tissue is specialized to stretch. b. It lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra. 10. Glands a. Glands are composed of cells that are specialized to secrete substances. b. A gland consists of one or more cells. Exocrine glands secrete into ducts. Endocrine glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood. c. Exocrine glands are classified according to the composition of their secretions. Merocrine glands secrete fluid without loss of cytoplasm. Serous cells secrete a watery fluid. Mucous cells secrete mucus. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cells during secretion. Holocrine glands release cells filled with secretory products. 5.3 Connective Tissues 1. General characteristics and categories a. Connective tissue connects, supports, protects, provides frameworks, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection, and helps repair damaged tissues. b. Connective tissue cells usually have considerable extracellular matrix between them. c. This extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substance. d. Major cell types Fibroblasts produce collagen and elastic fibers. https://my.mheducation.com/secure/teacher/urn:com.mheducation.openlearning:enterprise.identity.organization:prod.global:organization:8c0532eb-f7… 2/5 1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill Macrophages are phagocytes. Mast cells may release heparin and histamine, and usually are near blood vessels. e. Connective tissue fibers Collagen fibers have great tensile strength. Elastic fibers are composed of elastin and are very elastic. Reticular fibers are thin collagen fibers. 2. Categories of connective tissue Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, and blood. a. Loose connective tissue Areolar tissue forms thin membranes between organs and binds them. It is beneath the skin and between muscles. Adipose tissue stores fat, cushions, and insulates. It is found beneath the skin, in certain abdominal membranes, behind the eyeballs, and around the kidneys, heart, and various joints. Reticular connective tissue is composed of thin, collagen fibers. It helps provide the framework of the liver and spleen. b. Dense connective tissue This tissue is largely composed of strong, collagen fibers. It is found in the tendons, ligaments, white portions of the eyes, and the deep skin layer. c. Cartilage Cartilage provides a supportive framework for various structures. Its extracellular matrix is composed of fibers and a gel-like ground substance. Cartilaginous structures are enclosed in a perichondrium, which contains blood vessels. Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply and is slow to heal. Major types are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. d. Bone The extracellular matrix of bone contains mineral salts and collagen. The cells of compact bone are usually organized in concentric circles around central canals. Canaliculi connect the cells. Bone is an active tissue that heals rapidly. e. Blood Blood transports substances and helps maintain a stable internal environment. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. https://my.mheducation.com/secure/teacher/urn:com.mheducation.openlearning:enterprise.identity.organization:prod.global:organization:8c0532eb-f7… 3/5 1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill Blood cells develop in red marrow in the hollow parts of long bones. 5.4 Types of Membranes 1. Epithelial membranes are composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Serous, mucous, and cutaneous membranes are epithelial membranes. 2. Serous membranes, composed of epithelium and areolar connective tissue, are membranes that line body cavities that do not open to the outside and cover the organs in these cavities. The cells of a serous membrane secrete serous fluid to help lubricate membrane surfaces. 3. Mucous membranes, composed of epithelium and areolar connective tissue, are membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside. Goblet cells within these membranes secrete mucus. 4. Another epithelial membrane, the cutaneous membrane, is the external body covering commonly called skin. 5. Synovial membranes, composed entirely of connective tissues, line joints. 5.5 Muscle Tissues 1. General characteristics and categories a. Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers. b. Muscle tissues contract, moving structures that are attached to them. c. The three types are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues. 2. Skeletal muscle tissue a. Muscles containing this tissue usually are attached to bones and controlled by conscious effort. b. Cells are long and threadlike, with many nuclei and striations. c. Muscle cells contract when stimulated by nerve cells, and then relax when stimulation stops. 3. Smooth muscle tissue a. This tissue is in the walls of hollow internal organs. b. It is involuntarily controlled. 4. Cardiac muscle tissue a. This tissue is found only in the heart. b. Cells are joined by intercalated discs and form branched networks. 5.6 Nervous Tissue 1. Nervous tissue is in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. 2. Neurons (nerve cells) https://my.mheducation.com/secure/teacher/urn:com.mheducation.openlearning:enterprise.identity.organization:prod.global:organization:8c0532eb-f7… 4/5 1/4/24, 4:09 PM Course | 6. Florida Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology | McGraw Hill a. Neurons sense changes and respond by conducting electrical impulses to other neurons or to muscles or glands. b. They coordinate, regulate, and integrate body activities. 3. Neuroglia a. Some of these cells bind and support nervous tissue. b. Others carry on phagocytosis. c. Still others connect neurons to blood vessels. d. Some are involved in cell-to-cell communication. https://my.mheducation.com/secure/teacher/urn:com.mheducation.openlearning:enterprise.identity.organization:prod.global:organization:8c0532eb-f7… 5/5