Chapter 4 - Methods PDF

MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING CHAPTER 4: 4: Police Patrol Objective: 1. Classify the different method of police patrol. Methods of Police Patrol Foot Patrol – is assigned to an area of crowded population such as downtown,...

MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING CHAPTER 4: 4: Police Patrol Objective: 1. Classify the different method of police patrol. Methods of Police Patrol Foot Patrol – is assigned to an area of crowded population such as downtown, heavy traffic congestion and other places. - Is the most expensive type of patrol in terms of human resources. - Is the most common and best known methods of patrol. Types of Foot Patrol a. Fixed foot patrol – is used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events. b. Moving foot patrol – is used when there is foot movement such as business, shopping center and family dwelling. c. Line beat patrol – is used in securing certain portion of the road. d. Random foot patrol –is used in checking residential building, business establishment, dark alley and parking lots. Advantages of Foot Patrol 1. It can enter small alleys and side streets. 2. It provides closer observation of person and thing 3. It can provide immediate traffic control when it is needed 4. It maintain better personal contact with citizen and develop community relations 5. By the use of a two –way radio, it can maintain communications with the department and the mobile unit. Disadvantages of Foot Patrol 1. Slow response time 2. Low mobility 3. Cannot be employed during bad weather 4. It requires huge amount of personnel. 42 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING https://www.efficientgov.com/public-safety/articles/3-pros-cons- of-police-foot-patrols-TlNWjcRXgySuveJW/ Automobile Patrol- the most economical and effective patrol by means of transportation. The first patrol was introduced on May 17. 1954 by the Manila Police Department. Contemporary Patrol Car Equipments 1. Mobile Data Terminal – refers to a computer that is installed inside a patrol car which allows patrol officer to have an access from the Headquarters files and other law enforcement agencies which are used in order to expedite their operation. 2. Vehicle-mounted TV – refers to a video camera which is attached and installed in patrol car with a high resolution and wide angle lens. 3.High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan – refers to a heavy duty light that can provide two million candle power of light. https://www.blauer.com/dispatch/police-car-equipment-overview/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSLXD09Oxlk (video link) Advantages of the Automobile Patrol 1. Cover a wider area 2. Provides faster response to public calls 3. Provides constant availability to public 4. Provides an element of surprise especially when crime is in progress. 5. Less tiresome than foot patrolling 6. Provides needed protection and can carry other equipment 43 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING Disadvantages: 1. It separates public from the police. 2. Suspicious persons may go unnoticed 3. Neglect to make routine security checks 4. It slows down apprehension and surveillance operations. Different advantages of One Man Versus Two Man Automobile Patrol One Man: 1. Having twice as many police cars on the street doubles the preventive enforcement. 2. Devotes full attention to his driving and the beat than to the conversation with his partner. 3. Developed self reliance. 4. Personality conflict is reduced. Two Man: 1. Provides a greater safety factor by doubling the firepower and physical protection. 2. The mistakes may caught by the partner or vice versa 3. Two pair of eyes is better than one 4. One can operates the radio other drives the car. 5. On the quiet night, the driver can have someone to talk and help keep him awake. Motorcycle Patrol The use of motorcycle has lost ground to the use of patrol cars in recent years, their need of congested traffic will insure their continued use as a form of police patrol. The two-wheeled motorcycle is adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades and escort duty. A police motorcycle is a motorcycle used by various police departments. They may be custom designed to meet the requirements unique of a particular use. A police motorcycle is often called a "motor" by police officers in the United States. Similarly, motorcycle units are known as "motor units" and motorcycle officers are known as motor officers. 44 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING The maneuverability of the motorcycle on crowded streets offer advantages not provided by larger, more traditional police vehicles. The motorcycle's relatively small size allows it to get to accident scenes more quickly when incidents such as traffic collisions slow down access by four- wheel vehicles. Police motorcycles are also used in police funerals, VIP motorcades, and other special events. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_motorcycle Advantages of Motorcycle Patrol 1. High mobility particularly in congested traffic. 2. Quick response to emergency call. Disadvantages: 1. The danger involve in riding causing a greater number of accidents. 2. Cannot be use during inclement weather. 3. Inability to carry additional equipments. Bicycle Patrol It has been a part of the patrol services of most countries since the bicycle was developed because of its salient features. A police bicycle is a land vehicle used by police departments, most commonly in the form of a mountain bicycle. They are designed to meet the requirements unique to each department. The maneuverability of these vehicles on crowded sidewalks and their ability to navigate narrow, crowded driveways offer advantages over cars, although a bicycle's top speed is lower. Bicycle patrols are more common in temperate urban areas where limited coverage areas are available. The use of bicycles instead of cars can make police officers more easily approachable, especially in low-crime areas. Bicycles can also be issued to police officers to enhance the mobility and range of foot patrols. Bicycles are also effective crime-fighting tools when used in densely populated urban areas. The bikes are nearly silent in operation and many criminals do not realize that an approaching person on a bike is actually a police officer. Furthermore, if the criminal attempts to flee on foot, the riding police officer has a speed advantage while able to quickly dismount if necessary. In the average hour, a patrol car would have 3.3 contacts with the public, while bicycle patrols had 7.3 contacts with the public. The average number of people in contact with the police per hour was 10.5 for motor 45 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING patrols and 22.8 for bicycle patrols. This information tells us simply that the activity level of police officers on bicycles is higher than that of the officers in cars https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_bicycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3RZHpJH14U (video link) Advantages: 1. It has the advantage of mobility and stealth 2. Inexpensive to procure and maintenance. 3. Cover areas not accessible by motorcycle or patrol cars. 4. Good form of exercise to maintain excellent physique and good health. 5. Effective in combating theft, robbery and vandalism in residential areas, parks and shopping malls. 6. Effective in using plainclothes while conducting surveillance. Disadvantages: 1. Inability to carry additional equipments. 2. Apprehend criminals cannot be transported. 3. Danger involves in driving. Marine/ Boat/ Bay Patrol It is a specialized form of police patrol likewise expensive to maintain. To provide protection to our water from poachers and smuggling, illegal fishing and other related illegal activities which directly affect the water resources. The function of this, is to conduct investigation of boating accidents, pirating and search and rescue operations as well as performs boat safety measures. A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine (blue water) or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti- piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration 46 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. Vessels of this type include the original yacht (from Dutch/Low German jacht meaning hunting or hunt), a light, fast-sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into shallow waters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_boat Horse or Mounted Patrol It is one of the oldest types of patrol next to walking. It is commonly used to wooden areas which horses provided the best mobility in those areas. It is also used in large park, parade and crowded control. Mounted police are police who patrol on horseback or camelback. Their day-to-day function is typically picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd control because of their mobile mass and height advantage and increasingly in the UK for crime prevention and high visibility policing roles. The added height and visibility that the horses give their riders allows officers to observe a wider area, but it also allows people in the wider area to see the officers, which helps deter crime and helps people find officers when they need them. Mounted police may be employed for specialized duties ranging from patrol of parks and wilderness areas, where police cars would be impractical or noisy, to riot duty, where the horse serves to intimidate those whom it is desired to disperse through its larger size, or may be sent in to detain trouble makers or offenders from the crowd. For example, in the UK, mounted police are most often seen at football matches, although they are also a common sight on the streets of many towns and cities as a visible police presence and crime deterrent during the day and night. Some mounted police units are trained in search and rescue due to the horse's ability to travel where vehicles cannot. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_police https://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?fr=yhs-dcola-001&hsimp=yhs- 001&hspart=dcola&p=horse+patrol+in+the+philippines#id=1&vid=7706a7f6414778feab586e5 (video link) 47 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING Air Patrol (Helicopter or Fixed-wing Aircraft)(police aviation) Police aviation is the use of aircraft in police operations. Police services commonly use aircraft for traffic control, ground support, search and rescue, high-speed car pursuits, observation, air patrol and control of large-scale public events and/or public order incidents. They may employ rotary-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft, nonrigid-wing aircraft or lighter-than-air aircraft. In some major cities, police rotary-wing aircraft are also used as air transportation for personnel belonging to SWAT-style units. In large, sparsely populated areas, fixed-wing aircraft are sometimes used to transport personnel and equipment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_aviation Advantages of Fixed-wing Aircraft 1. Effective when patrolling long stenches of highway. 2. Excellent in traffic control in long stanches of highways, for search and surveillance. Disadvantages: 1. It has very little flexibility in congested areas. 2. It needs wide span of land for lift and landing. 3. Very expensive to maintain. Advantages of Helicopter Patrol 1. Improves response time to emergency calls for service. 2. Increase apprehension of offenders 3. Increase prevention of crime 4. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne information 5. Increase ability in conducting roof searches for suspected felons 6. Easier location of both lost and escaped persons. 7. More efficient rescue operations and emergency ambulance service 8. A better system of floodlighting areas at night. 9. Information can be broadcast to large areas through airborne loudspeakers. 48 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING 10. Rapid emergency transportation of personnel 11. Added security to patrol officers through “back up” offered by aerial patrol. Disadvantages: 1. Bad weather will ground the helicopter 2. Smog, light or intermittent clouds might affect vision 3. Service requires special training and skills 4. There is a danger from high wire, trees and similar object 5. There can be difficulty of landing in urban areas. 6. Refueling problems 7. Special facilities are required for housing and repairs 8. Tactical problems to overcome exact locations. Canine (K-9) Patrol/Dog Patrol Egyptians are the first to use dog for patrolling Great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs It is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times. It is a supplementary forces that can aid the officer in better performing his duty. A single K9 team was able to complete building searches 7x faster than 4 officers working together. The dog team found the hidden suspects, 93% than the human is only 53%. A police dog, known in some English-speaking countries as a "K- 9" or "K9" (a homophone of "canine"), is a dog that is specifically trained to assist police and other law-enforcement personnel. Their duties include: searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, and attacking people targeted by the police. Police dogs must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures. The most commonly used breeds are the German Shepherd Dog, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Retriever breeds. Recently, the Belgian Malinois has become the dog of choice for police and military work due to their intense drive and focus. Malinois are smaller and more agile than German Shepherd Dogs, and have fewer health issues. However, a well-bred working line German Shepherd Dog is just as successful and robust as a Malinois. 49 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFBOdBZ4YxQ (video link) Advantages of K9 Patrol 1. Provide protection for patrol officer 2. Locating trap people during emergencies 3. It can be use in crowd control 4. Great assistance in locating narcotics and bombs Disadvantages: 1. Costly maintenance 2. Work only with one handle 3. Dog training is expensive, it requires 3 months to train. Breeds of dogs appropriate for police works: 1. German shepherd 2. Bloodhounds 3. Labrador Retrievers 4. Rottweiler 5. Bouviers 6. Doberman Pinchers 7. Airedale Terriers 8. Giant Schnauzers 9. Newfoundlands WOLVES (Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System) It is the system of attaching miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog which makes the dog the eyes and ears of his handler. Plainclothes - It is particularly effective for saturation coverage of high crime areas. 50 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING - It provides extra coverage without alarming the occupants with a usual number of police officer. To go "undercover" is to avoid detection by the entity one is observing, and especially to disguise one's own identity or use an assumed identity for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization to learn or confirm confidential information or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gather information or evidence. Traditionally, it is a technique employed by law enforcement agencies or private investigators, and a person who works in such a role is commonly referred to as an undercover agent. Plainclothes law enforcement Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes. This method is used by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. To wear plainclothes is to wear civilian clothes, instead of wearing a uniform, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by wearing suits or formal clothes instead of the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation). Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_operation Close Circuit Television (CCTV) Patrol - It is basically used for traffic control which originates in West Germany. - Television cameras are mounted in a weatherproof housing. - They were equipped with zoom lens and remotely controlled by the operator who can adjust each camera to 270 degrees. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) systems can be used to enhance the safety and security of your business. CCTV footage can also provide valuable assistance to the police when 51 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING investigating crimes and prosecuting offenders. The use of CCTV systems includes the following: o The presence of CCTV cameras may serve as a deterrent to inappropriate or illegal activity. This is the preferred role of CCTV systems – to prevent or reduce the opportunity for crime to occur. o CCTV cameras can be used to provide real-time or recorded surveillance over large areas, i.e., the perimeter boundary of protected property, parking lots, retail stores, government buildings, etc. This use of CCTV is sometimes referred to as video patrol. o CCTV cameras can be integrated with other sensing systems (robbery or burglary alarms), and used to view areas not immediately accessible to personnel. This is often referred to as “event-driven cameras”. o CCTV cameras and monitoring equipment can provide an historical recall of events. Good quality preserved CCTV images can provide valuable information and evidence for police related to inappropriate or illegal activity. o CCTV cameras may have a better viewing vantage than personnel. If good quality CCTV footage of an incident is available, this can assist police to clear up an investigation in a short time and successfully prosecute the offender. Unfortunately, many CCTV systems are not installed properly, have not been maintained, provide poor quality video footage or are switched off/broken at the time of the incident. If evidence is gained from a CCTV system in such cases, it may be excluded by a court. A poorly installed, maintained, or functioning CCTV system is only marginally better than having no CCTV system at all. https://www.police.tas.gov.au/services-online/pamphlets-publications/closed-circuit-television/ Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint (P2MP), or mesh wired or wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, stores, and other areas where security is needed. Though videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" one exception is the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television 52 MODULE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING Reference: https://prezi.com/6ducle919lqk/brief-history-of-philippine-policing-system/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television https://www.police.tas.gov.au/services-online/pamphlets-publications/closed-circuit-television/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_operation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_aviation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_police https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_boat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_bicycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_motorcycle https://www.blauer.com/dispatch/police-car-equipment-overview/ https://www.efficientgov.com/public-safety/articles/3-pros-cons-of-police-foot-patrols- Video Links: Police Foot Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmN6TjxVea0 Police Automobile Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsSIUHXas7M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSLXD09Oxlk (video link) Police Motorcycle Patrol - youtube.com/watch?v=6tEPIcmtOO4 Police Bicycle Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkXTpOmY49g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3RZHpJH14U (video link) Police Boat Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVDUMjFejXs Police Horse Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce5AHawNqNk https://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?fr=yhs-dcola-001&hsimp=yhs- 001&hspart=dcola&p=horse+patrol+in+the+philippines#id=1&vid=7706a7f6414778feab586e5 (video link) Police Air Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6fqGuzZA1o Police K9 Patrol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amPKXk7B1WQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFBOdBZ4YxQ (video link) 53