Chapter 4 Answers.docx

​​Chapter 4 - Questions   Alzheimer’s Disease 1. What is the best description of Alzheimer Disease? Progressive degenerative disorder causing memory loss, personality changes and death 2. Why do plaques and tangles occur in Alzheimer Disease? Plaques occur when sticky deposits of beta amyloid trigge...

​​Chapter 4 - Questions   Alzheimer’s Disease 1. What is the best description of Alzheimer Disease? Progressive degenerative disorder causing memory loss, personality changes and death 2. Why do plaques and tangles occur in Alzheimer Disease? Plaques occur when sticky deposits of beta amyloid trigger an inflammatory response that kills cells and tangles are related to degeneration of tau in neuron cell membranes; long fibers collapse and lose their connections 3. What is one strategy to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer Disease? Mental and social stimulation, massage therapy, cholinesterase inhibitors for memory improvement 4. What are the typical signs and symptoms of Alzheimer Disease? Memory loss, poor judgement, loss of spatial and temporal awareness. Starts affecting ability to walk and self-care. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 5. What is another term for ALS? Progressive fatal condition affecting motor neurons in the CNS and PNS causing atrophy of voluntary muscles. 6. What cells are attacked with ALS? Motor neurons 7. What is the consequence of the nervous system damage that occurs with ALS? The motor neurons damaged are replaced with fibrous astrocytes which make the spinal cord hard and scarlike. 8. What are the typical signs and symptoms of ALS? Loss of motor function and atrophy. Most start in hands and feet. 25% start with speech, progresses but sensation stays intact Huntington Disease 9. What is the best description of Huntington Disease? Progressive degenerative autonomic disorder of the CNS affecting emotional stability, cognition and motor function. 10.  What is the primary factor that determines whether somebody will develop Huntington disease? Genetic mutation 11.  What are the three main categories of symptoms associated with Huntington Disease? Early, Middle and Late stages Peripheral Neuropathy 12.  What factors lead to the damage seen with peripheral neuropathy? Lack of circulation, chemical imbalance, trauma, etc 13.  What examples of conditions lead to peripheral neuropathy? Carpal tunnel syndrome, herpes simplex, diabetes melitus, chronic alcoholism 14.  What signs and symptoms occur if peripheral neuropathy affects? a. Primarily Sensory Neurons Pain, tingling, hyperalgesia, allodynia and numbness b. Primarily Autonomic Neurons Twitching, cramping and atrophy c. Primarily Motor Neurons Problems with digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, bladder/bowel control Dystonia 15.  What is the best description of Dystonia? Common condition with repetitive, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles. 16.  What does Dystonia appear to be linked to? Basal ganglia, inability to process some neurotransmitters 17.  What is likely to aggravate the signs and symptoms of Dystonia? Stress and fatigue 18.  What feature distinguishes dystonia from other essential tremors or Parkinson Disease? Prolonged bursts if electrical activity in affected muscles, with uncontrolled long term contractions or flailing and writhing. Parkinson Disease 19.  What is the best description of Parkinson Disease? Movement disorder with progressive degeneration of nerve tissue and neurotransmitter production in CNS 20.  What cells in the nervous system die, causing a dopamine deficit in Parkinson Disease? Substantia nigra 21.  What are the primary symptoms of Parkinson Disease? Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, non-specific achiness, weakness, fatigue and poor postural reflexes. 22.  What are the secondary symptoms of Parkinson Disease? Shuffling gait, changes in speech, eating and handwriting, sleep disorders, depression, and mental degeneration. Tremor 23.  What is a tremor? Involuntary oscillating movements on a fixed plane 24.  What structures appear to be linked to the dysfunction that causes tremors? Brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus 25.  How are Physiological and Pathologic tremors different? Physiological: Exacerbated by stress, fear, withdrawal, etc Pathological: Idiopathic or caused by something else 26.  What areas are affected by tremors the most often? Hand, face and head Encephalitis 27.  What is the best description of encephalitis? Infection of the brain. 28.  What types of pathogens are most often associated with encephalitis? Myelitis and meningitis 29.  What are the most major signs and symptoms of mild vs severe encephalitis? Mild: Sudden onset of fever, headache, drowsiness and disordered thoughts Severe: Drowsiness progresses to stupor, coma; double vision, confused sensation, impaired speech, convulsions, paralysis, changes in personality or intellect. 30.  How is encephalitis treated? Antiviral medications, steroids to limit inflammation, sedatives to moderate convulsions and rest, good nutrition and adequate hydration.   Herpes Zoster 31.  What is the best description of herpes zoster? Infection caused by varicella zoster virus 32.  How is Varicella Zoster usually spread? Usually spread in children or immune suppressed 33.  What condition is usually associated with the first exposure to herpes Zoster? Chicken Pox 34.  What feature distinguishes shingles from other types of Herpes Zoster? Outbreak will be along a single dermatome Meningitis 35.  What is the best description of meningitis (as opposed to encephalitis)? Inflammation of the meninges in brain and spinal cord and does not involve nerve tissue 36.  What pathogens are the most likely to cause meningitis infections? Bacterial or viral infection 37.  What are some possible consequences of pathogenic infection in the CNS? Obstructive hydrocephalus, pneumonia, stroke.  38.  Why is a stiff, rigid neck often a symptom of meningitis? Moving the neck stretches the meninges Polio, Post-Polio Syndrome 39.  What is the best description of polio / post-polio syndrome? Viral infection beginning at intestinal mucosa then travels to anterior horn of the spinal cord. 40.  What is the most commonly understood process that leads to postpolio syndrome? Nerve cells that survive the intial attack grow new terminal axons to enervate muscle cells that are otherwise cut off. This will increase the size and put demand on the motor neuron which will eventually wear out and die, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. 41.  What are the signs and symptoms of polio? Muscle atropy and motor paralysis Addiction 42.  How are physical and psychological addictions different? Physiological: User loves how the feel under the influence. Physical: User hates withdrawal symptoms and will do anything to avoid them 43.  What risk factors may increase the likelihood of addiction? Genetic predisposition, mental illness, environmental factors, type of substance, age and medical reasons 44.  What are the long-term complications of alcohol abuse? Complications can cause long term issues with the digestive system (gastritis, liver damage, cancer, ulcers, pancreatitis), the cardiovascular system (decreased heartbeat, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, agglutination of blood cells, bleeding from reduced clotting factors), Nervous system (blocked cerebral capillaries, slowing of reflexes, slurred speech, speech and judgement impairment, brain damage), reproductive system (erectile dysfunctin, menstrual irregularities, FAS), and familial problems. 45.  What are the major signs and symptoms of drug withdrawal? Physical pain, hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, seizures and in extreme cases death   Anxiety Disorders 46.  What are anxiety disorders centered on? Irrational fears 47.  What is the most common form of anxiety disorder? Social phobia 48.  What symptoms are common to most forms of anxiety disorders? Restlessness, being on edge, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension and sleep problems Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 49.  What characteristics may indicate ADHD? Difficulties with attention, movement, and impulse control 50.  What factors may contribute to or cause ADHD? Genetics, altered brain function, maternal behaviors, exposures during pregnancy and early childhood stress responses. 51.  What are the three major issues associated with ADHD? Inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Autism Spectrum Disorder 52.  What is the best description of Autism Spectrum Disorder? Developmental disorder characterized by problems with interpersonal interaction, communication and learning 53.  What is the best understood description of the etiology of ASD? No predictable brain abnormalities 54.  What are the three major issues seen with people on the autism spectrum? Deficits in verbal, nonverbal communication, problems with social interactions and repetitive behaviours, movements. Bipolar Disorder 55.  What is another term for bipolar disorder? Manic depression 56.  What factors appear to contribute to bipolar disorder? Appears to run in family Differences in brain development during adolescence may trigger symptoms Demyelination in areas of the brain that manage emotion 57.  When a person with bipolar disorder becomes profoundly inspired by a project to the point of being agitated and irritable if he’s interrupted, and he stays up around the clock, what is likely about that situation? Manic episode Depression 58.  What is the best description of depression? Group of disorders with negative changes in mood state 59.  A shortage or resistance to reuptake of which substances is linked to depression? Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine 60.  What complications can occur as a result of depression? Suicide, addiction, stroke, heart attack. 61.  What are the most common symptoms of depression? Sad, empty feeling. Hard to experience pleasure and enjoyment Eating Disorders 62.  What is a common feature in the lives most patients with eating disorders? Emotional and physical stressors 63.  Which complications are more likely in people with a long history of eating disorders? Depression, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, arrhythmia, overuse of laxatives and tooth damage 64.  How are anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder different? Anorexia: Self starvation Bulimia: Binges on indulgent food and follows with a compensatory activity to purge Binge-eating: Person overeats in a short-term binge accompanied by a distressing sense of lack of control. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 65.  What is the best description of obsessive-compulsive and related conditions? Group of conditions that involve intractable thought patterns and repetitive behaviors to try to those thoughts. 66.  What are common topics of obsession for people with OCD? Contamination, violence or disorders Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders 67.  What is another term for PTSD? Post-Traumatic Stress Injury 68.  What four categories of symptoms are people with trauma disorders likely to experience? Re-Experiencing Avoidance Negative beliefs and moods Arousal Bell Palsy 69.  What nerve is damaged by Bell Palsy? Cranial nerve VII 70.  This type of infection may cause inflammation, leading to Bell Palsy Lyme disease 71.  What is the major symptom of Bell Palsy? Sudden onset of flaccid paralysis of the upper and lower face Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 72.  What is the best description of CRPS? Collection of sign and symptoms that involve self-sustaining and long-lasting pain and changes to tissues in the area 73.  Why is there an abnormal pain sensation in CRPS? Pain causes a sympathetic response; an exaggerated inflammatory response reinforces the pain and the positive feedback loop will kick in creating self-sustaining pain Spinal Cord Injury 74.  What are the types of spinal cord injuries? Concussion, contusion, compression, laceration, transection 75.  What are the likely symptoms of injury to: a. Anterior Cord Loss of motor function b. Posterior Cord Loss of most sensation c. Lateral Cord Pain, temperature sensation 76.  What complications may occur as a result of spinal cord injury? Respiratory infection, DVT, pulmonary embolism, UTI, decubitus ulcers, heterotopic ossification, autonomic, dysreflexia, cardiovascular disease, numbness, pain and spasticity Stroke 77.  A stroke is damage to brain cells due to... Oxygen deprivation 78.  What is another term for a stroke? Cerebrovascular accident 79.  What factors may lead to a stroke? Thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage 80.  What signs indicate that somebody is currently having a stroke? Sudden onset of unilateral weakness, numbness, paralysis Blurred, decreased vision, asymmetrical dilation of pupils, Difficulty with speaking, understanding words Dizziness, clumsiness, vertigo, Sudden severe headache Loss of consciousness Traumatic Brain Injury 81.  What leads to most of the damage from a traumatic brain injury? Swelling creating pressure on the brain 82.  What factors determine the signs and symptoms of a TBI? Severity and areas affected 83.  What is the likely result of multiple head injuries that follow too quickly to allow for full healing? Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 84.  What are the long-term consequences for a TBI? Mild to severe cognitive problems, movement disorders, behaviour/personality changes. Trigeminal Neuralgia 85.  What nerve is damaged from Trigeminal Neuralgia? Cranial nerve V 86.  What structure wraps around the trigeminal nerve to cause Trigeminal Neuralgia? Blood vessel 87.  Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by what symptoms? Sharp, electrical stabbing, burning sensations lasting from 10 seconds to 2 minutes.   Spina Bifida 88.  What is the best description of spina bifida? Neural tube defect in which the vertebral arch doesn’t close over the spinal cord 89.  What maternal deficiency is the most common contributing factor for spina bifida? Folate 90.  What is most likely to determine the severity and types of symptoms of spina bifida? Location and size of the cyst Cerebral Palsy 91.  What is the best description of Cerebral Palsy? Collective term for brain injuries that occur during gestation and early infancy 92.  What are some contributors to cerebral palsy that occur: a. prenatally - Maternal illness, infection; hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Rh sensitization - Toxic exposure - Abdominal trauma - Pregnancy-induced hypertension b. at birth - Anoxia or asphyxia during birth - Respiratory distress - Head trauma with forceps c. in early infancy - Jaundice - Head trauma - Infection - Hemorrhages - Neoplasms 93.  What are the major signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy? Hypertonicity, hypotonicity Problems with walking Weak muscles, random movements Hearing, vision problems 94.  What are frequent complications of cerebral palsy? Pain, seizures, hearing loss, strabismus, digestive problems, urinary incontinence, drooling, risk of cavities, mental disability occurs in 1 third, contractures and musculoskeletal problems. Fibromyalgia 95.  What is the best description of fibromyalgia? A multifactorial condition involving problems with neurotransmitter, hormonal imbalance, sleep disorders and chronic pain. 96.  What are some of the factors that appear to contribute to fibromyalgia? HPA axis dysregulation, sleep disorder, central sensitization, neurotransmitter imbalances and tender points 97.  What are common fibromyalgia symptoms? Stiffness after rest, poor stamina, fatigue, “fibro fog”, widespread, shifting and unpredictable pain, tender points in predictable places, low pain tolerance Headaches 98.  What are some physiological factors to most primary headaches? Hypersensitivity in some neural pathways, irritability of the trigeminal nerve, dilation of cranial blood vessels with edema, and lack of inhibition of pain signals 99.  What are some defining characteristics of tension headaches? Bilateral or non-focused pain in a tight band around the head 100. If a person develops a pulsing headache with nausea and light sensitivity, what type is it likely to be? Migraine 101.  What is a rebound headache? Headaches occurring from increasing tolerance for headache medication Meniere Disease        102. What is the best description of the etiology of Meniere disease? Any disruptions of this delicate environment (inner ear) lead to symptoms in hearing and special orientation 103. What signs and symptoms are associated with Meniere disease? Hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness, rotational vertigo with a rapid unpredictable onset 104.  What causes the signs and symptoms of Meniere disease? Excess of endolymph Seizure Disorders 105.              What are some common seizure triggers? Sudden changes in light levels, certain sounds, tones in music, anxiety, sleep deprivation, hormal changes and fever 106.              What happens in the brain with seizures? Interconnecting cerebral neurons discharge electricity, firing other neurons 107.              What is the difference between general and partial seizures? General affect the whole brain while partial affect isolated areas. Sleep Disorders 108.              What are some consequences of prolonged sleep deprivation? Higher pain sensitivity, slowed reflexes, lower cognitive skills, poor immune system activity, fibromyalgia, depress, weight gain, diabetes, etc 109.              What are some examples of sleep disorders? Insomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy Vestibular Balance Disorders 110.              What is the best description of a vestibular balance disorder? A group of conditions that can disturb the vestibular branch of CN VIII 11. What are the leading symptoms of vestibular balance disorders? - Vertigo - Dizziness - Light-headedness - Blurred vision - Nausea - Nystagmus - Changes in blood pressure, heart rate