Chapter 34 Outline Fall 2005 PDF

Chapter 33 - Population Ecology I. Ecology A. Definitions 1. Ecology – 2. Community – 3. Ecosystem – 4. Biota - all living organisms (plants, animals, microbes, etc.) 5. Abiota - nonliving chemical and physical factors of th...

Chapter 33 - Population Ecology I. Ecology A. Definitions 1. Ecology – 2. Community – 3. Ecosystem – 4. Biota - all living organisms (plants, animals, microbes, etc.) 5. Abiota - nonliving chemical and physical factors of the environment B. Ecological succession - change in community composition over time 1. Primary succession – 2. Secondary succession – 3. Pioneer species – 4. Succession also occurs in aquatic communities C. Climax-pattern model of succession - particular areas will always lead to the same type of community (climax community) II. Patterns of Population Growth A. Definitions 1. Biotic potential – - Reproductive rate – 2. Exponential growth - growth produced when base population increases by a given percentage each year  J-shaped curve 3. Logistic growth – results in S-shaped curve  4. Environmental resistance – 5. Carrying capacity – B. Human Population Growth 1. Doubling time – 2. Population explosion - growth remained fairly steady, slow increases until 1800s 3. Economic categories a. More-developed countries (MDCs or HDCs) - North America, Japan, Canada, Western Europe, Australia b. Less-developed countries (LDCs) - Latin America, Africa, Asia c. Comparisons d. ways to reduce expected increase in population growth 4. Major concern - has to be overall impact of humans on biosphere C. Age distributions 1. Age structure – 2. Age-structure diagrams - Fig 33.7, page 691, bar graph showing the age structure of a population (males and females separately) III. Regulation of Population Growth A. Definitions 1. Opportunistic pattern – 2. Equilibrium pattern – 3. Density-dependent factors – 4. Density-independent factors – 5. Critical number – B. Competition 1. Competition – 2. Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time if resources are limiting 3. Habitat – 4. Ecological niche – 5. Resource partitioning – - American kestrel and eastern screech owl C. Predation - when one living organism (predator) feeds on another organism (prey) 1. Predator-Prey Population Dynamics - Cycling – a. b.  c. Snowshoe hare/Canadian lynx - Fig. 33.11, page 696 2. Prey Defenses - strategies to escape predation a. Coevolution – b. Mimicry - when one species resembles another species - occurs when prey mimics another species that has anti-predator defense c. Camouflage – d. Fright – e. Warning coloration – D. Symbiosis – close interactions between members of two populations 1. Parasitism – 2. Commensalism – 3. Mutalism –