Chapter 3 - MSK CardioPulm EXS210 PDF

Chapter 3: MSK & CardioPulm EXS-210 Dr Michelle “Twitch” Jilek, PT, DPT, OCS, CSCS Muscular System Works to create movement in the human body Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Attached to bone through tendons Creates friction and heat, and h...

Chapter 3: MSK & CardioPulm EXS-210 Dr Michelle “Twitch” Jilek, PT, DPT, OCS, CSCS Muscular System Works to create movement in the human body Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Attached to bone through tendons Creates friction and heat, and helps maintain appropriate body temperature Smooth Muscle Involuntary Found in blood vessels, digestive traction, respiratory airways, urinary tract, uterus Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Found in the heart, generates force to contract heart and move blood throughout the body Muscle Fibers Function = contraction striat ed Muscle fiber = muscle cell striat Different types of muscle ed have different properties Force and speed of contraction different in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Cardiac vs skeletal vs smooth muscle Definitions Aerobic Uses oxygen, like longer duration cardio exercise Anaerobic Doesn’t require oxygen, like sprinting Oxidative Lots of oxygen Nonoxidative No oxygen Glycolysis Breaking down glucose for energy (this is a whole complicated process) Oxidative vs anaerobic glycolysis Myosin ATPase Enzyme that provides energy for muscle contraction Muscle fiber hypertrophy An increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional size Muscle fiber hyperplasia An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle Concentric contraction Shortening MSK Eccentric contraction Lengthening, more responsible for muscle soreness  Type I Slow Oxidative (slow twitch) Ske Typ letal M Speed of contraction is slow High resistance to fatigue es us c Myosin ATPase activity is low le F i be Oxidative energy capacity is highest r Nonoxidative energy capacity is low Type IIA Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (fast twitch) Speed of contraction is fast Intermediate resistance to fatigue Myosin ATPase activity is high Oxidative energy capacity is high Nonoxidative energy capacity is intermediate Type IIX (aka IIB) Fast Glycolytic (fast twitch) Speed of contraction is fastest Low resistance to fatigue Myosin ATPase activity is highest Oxidative energy capacity is low Nonoxidative energy capacity is high  How do skeletal muscles actually contract? Sliding filament theory Actin (thin) & Myosin (thick) striat ed Myosin stays in middle, actin pulled together M line = center of sarcomere Z line = boundary of sarcomere How to build muscle Muscle fiber hypertrophy An increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional size (make the same muscle cell bigger) Resistance exercise can do this Muscle micro-tears Muscle fiber hyperplasia An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle (add more muscle cells) Artificial muscle growth Growth promoting agents (like growth hormone) Lack of Myostatin Anabolic steroids Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Belgian Blue Mixed research regarding DOMS and muscle growth Cow Eccentric contractions most responsible DOMS more common when first starting a workout or after injury Skeletal System  Skeletal System Skeleton is… Framework for the body, lever system for movement Attachment site for ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone) Protects many underlying organs Storage of vital minerals for bodily functions Calcium, phosphorus Blood cell formation (red bone marrow) Hematopoiesis Skeletal system works closely with muscular and neurological systems MSK NMSK  Skeletal System & Exercise Combo of physical activity, exercise, nutrition, and aging will heavily impact health of the skeletal system Resistance training builds stronger bones Nutrient deficiencies will weaken bones Calcium, magnesium, Vit D, and more Osteopenia – bone mineral density loss Osteoporosis Disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components Spongy (cancellous) bone Cortical (compact) bone “soft”  Skeletal System & Exercise The skeleton plays an important role in endurance sports Red bone marrow = red blood cell creation = more O2 = better athletic performance More RBCs, better endurance Process controlled by hormone erythropoietin Getting more RBCs can also be done by lab-created recombinant human erythropoietin (rEPO) Illegal, just like blood doping Live high, train low Altitude tents for rest/sleep Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system transports blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and other substances (like hormones, electrolytes, drugs) to the tissues of the body while, at the same time, facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products from the body. Assists in body temperature regulation Cardiorespiratory and cardiopulmonary are often combined systems Cardiovascular Components Heart Cardiac muscle and nerve Arteries arterioles Veins venules Capillaries Thin, 1 cell thick, transfer gases, nutrients, waste products Blood Red = oxygenated blood RBCs, WBCs, platelets, (artery) plasmaBlue = deoxygenated blood (venous) Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is one of leading causes of death in the USA Coronary artery disease Atherosclerosis A disease process whereby cholesterol and blood lipids build up in the arteries causing narrowing of the vessel openings Cuts off blood supply to heart muscle itself Leads to heart attack Exercise has been shown to Reduce morbidity/mortality of heart-related risks Cardiac rehab is an area of PT Path of blood Video Pressure Gradient in Heart Hi g Cardiac cycle pre h  L ss u o w re Video VO2 Max & Athletic Performance The BEST endurance athletes have the best abilities to: Deliver oxygen to working muscle Removal of metabolic waste products CO2, lactate, nitrogen, etc Athletic events lasting longer than 3-5 minutes rely heavily on delivery of oxygen This is what VO2 Max is --- the amount of Oxygen that can be taken up and used by tissues during max athletic performance VO2 Max is a strong predictor for athletic performance AND overall health and longevity Video Pulmonary System Pulmonary System R lung ( lung ( 3 lobes), L The pulmonary system brings air 2 lobe s) into the lungs, allows for oxygen to be removed from the air, and facilitates the elimination of carbon dioxide into the external environment. The pulmonary system also helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body by regulating the CO2 levels in the blood. The lungs create a very large surface area to achieve rapid gas exchange with O2 and CO2. Pulmonary System Components Respiratory muscles Internal intercostals External intercostals Diaphragm Ab muscles Respiratory airways Mouth/nose Trachea R/L Bronchi Bronchioles Respiratory units Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs) Pulmonary capillaries Alveoli How we breathe Pressure gradient Increasing and decreasing volume/pressure Gas laws Video Pulmonary System & Exercise Science COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hard to get air out Chronic bronchitis and emphysema Reduced ability to perform physical activity and exercise Physical Therapy and Respiratory Therapy commonly used, as well as pulmonologists and exercise physiologists Asthma Hard to get air in Can be triggered by exercise, aka exercise- induced asthma Airway constriction, shortness of breath, wheezing Other triggers for asthma include tobacco smoke, mold, dust, cold temperatures Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) Pulmonary System & Performance The pulmonary system plays an important role in successful sport and athletic performance During high maximal intensity workouts Skeletal muscle breaks down carbohydrates and increases production of lactic acid Cori Cycle Breakdown of lactic acid can cause lowering of pH (more acidic) The increased acidity can lead to cessation or dropout of athletes, however the Cori Cycle is quick. Questions? Musculoskeletal (MSK) Cardiopulmonary Anything else Assignments Coming Up Motivational Interviewing Professionalism Quiz 1 (Thurs Feb 1st) Exam 1 (Thurs Feb 8th)