Female Reproductive System - Chapter 27 PDF

hapter27 Reproductive Systems FemaleReproductive System Anatomy Ovariesuterine fallopiantubesuterusvagina externalgenitalia andMammary Glands PhysiologyOogenesis OvarianCycleUterine Menstrual Cycle FemaleReproductiveAnatomy Ovaries producefemalegametes ovalandsexhormones estrogen...

hapter27 Reproductive Systems FemaleReproductive System Anatomy Ovariesuterine fallopiantubesuterusvagina externalgenitalia andMammary Glands PhysiologyOogenesis OvarianCycleUterine Menstrual Cycle FemaleReproductiveAnatomy Ovaries producefemalegametes ovalandsexhormones estrogen progesterone Anchoredtooppositesidesofuterus ovarianligamentandattachedtopelvicwallbysuspensoryligament by Broadligament sheetof peritoneumthatencloses ovarianligaments andsupportsuterinetubes blood vesselsandnerves TunicaAlbuginea fibroustissuesurroundingsurface Internally ovaryhas an outercortexthathouses faffo les where oocytes younggametesdevelop andvascularinnermedulla ovulation releaseof an oocyte fromovarysurface intothe peritonealcavity Uterine fallopian tubes utgrine opian alsocalledoviducts recieves ovulatedoocyteandis the site of fertilization Extendsabout10cm 4in fromovarytouterus ciliatedfingerlike fimbriae sweep ovulated oocyteinto ftp.CNET w̅ ovatry ovary uterus infundibulum of the uterinetube smoothmuscleandciliatedepitheliummoveoocytethroughexpanded ampullaoftheuterinetubetoward thenarrowisthmus andintotheuterus emeegiptegnman.si this iii into anofintident yffiff.fi mum eat Yacterialinfections pelvicinflammatoryo including transmitted sexually gonorrhea canspread to cavity peritoneal cancauseinfertility uterus Hollow thickwalledmuscularorganthatretainsandnourishes developing embryo surfaceanatomyincludes superiorroundedfundus broadbody andnarrowisthmus cervix andinternal cervicalcanal isnarrowneck that leadstothevagina cervicalglandssecretemucus in cervicalcanalwhichblocksentry ofbacteria andspermfromthevagin t Eat li im mitiiai in ima i iatin i i.Erein s transmitted cen mix mostcommon cause is sexually humanpapillomavirus Hp uterinewall consistsfmthey Perimetrium outermostlayer visceralperitoneum Endometrium Myometriumthick muscularmiddlelayerthatcontracts lumenofuterus ith s ifEnfilenthcavity mgrs Endometrium Yning epithelium consists of simplecolumnarepitheliumand titleint antatiinaffnani i pitnigssEoryo ˢ 88 3099 0 uterineglands hi ie ii9f 8 88 superficialstratumfunctionalis functionallayer is shedduring menstruation inresponseto declining strata ovarianhormone Deepstratumbasalis basallayerregenerate new pp18 088 80 TIFF functionallayerafter menstruation fmtietriEh 8 Ends trait pean's adayie.int smooppyys. m ctioonfaisoutsiustede9eriate  Radialarteries branchintostraightarteries to stratumbasalisandspiralarteriestostratumfunctionalis Arcuatearteriesleadtoradialarteries thatsupply endometrium uterinearteries lead to arcuatearteries in myometrium Vaginafemalecopulatoryorgan birthcanalandpassageformenstrualflow extendsfromthecervix to thebodyexterior elasticadventitiasmoothmusclemuscularis andinnermucosa Distensiblevaginalwallconsistsofouterfibro mucosa isfrictionresistantstratified squamous epithelium lubricatedbycervicalmucosaglands epitheliumsecretesglycogenwhichis metabolizedtolacticacidbyresidentbacteria creatingacidic lowPH conditions thatresistinfection andsperm Hymenincomplete vascular membrane nearvaginalorifice ruptured byintercourse orothercauses External Genitalia vulva monspubis fattyroundedpubicareaoverlaying pubicsymphysis labiamajora elongatedlateralskinfoldsonbothsidesofvulva labiaminorathinhair freeskinfoldsmedial tothelabiamajora vestibulerecessed area enclosedbylabiaminorathatincludestheexternalopeningsoftheurethraandvagina Greatervestibularglandssecrete lubricating mucus Clitoris sensitivearea witherectiletissue corpora cavernosa anteriortourethra partiallycoveredbyprepuce becomeserectfromsexualstimuli alongwithinternalvestibularbuldsinresponseto parasympathetic nervoussystem MammaryGlands modifiedsweatglandswithinthebreasthypodermis thatproducemilktonourishinfant pigmentedareola surrounds thenipple moisturizedbysebaceousglands Radiallobescontainalveolithatproducemilkduringlactation Paddedandseparatedbyadiposeandfibrousconnectivetissue alveoliclusteredintosmallerunitscalledlobules suspensoryligaments attachbreasttounderlyingmusclefascia omenalveolisecretemilkintolactiferousductsthatleadtodilatedlactiferoussinusesdeep ifBreastcancer is themost pyers commonmalignantcancerfoundinwomenworldwide mostofteninvolves ductepithelialcellsandcaneventually metastasize no geimet sic amna dE.nl mlfaiin eathonsetmestruationandlatemenopause 70 of caseshave noknownrisk factors FemaleReproductivePhysiology Oogenesis eggformation occurs intheovaries beginninginthefemalefetus Oogonia diploid 2nstemcellsofthefetalovarythatdividebymitosis toformprimary oocytes Primaryoocytes 2n surroundedbyfolliclecellsin a primordialfollicle initiatemeiosisbutbecome arrested inprophasel numberof primaryoocytes is effectivelyfixed atbirthandapproximately 400000remaintillpuberty Afterpuberty ovariancyclebeginsandmeiosis proceeds in oneprimaryoocyte monthresulting per Breg In g pubertyoneprimordialfollicleundergoes furtherdevelopment eachmonth Meiosis resumesandtheprimaryoocytedividesintotwo asymetricalhaploidcells 19 ten Inethsemielce wnion maydegenerate or undergomeiosis secondaryoocyte n initiatesmeiosisl butbecomesarrestedin metaphase11andis ovulated ruptured Elftheft Tation doesnotoccur secondary oocyte degenerates if fertilizationoccurs secondary oocyte completes meiosis l producing onelargeovum n and a small second polarbody n ovariancyclemonthlyseries of events intheovaryinvolving maturation andrelease of anegg Follicularphase days1 14 I singledominantprimordialfolliclestartsto develop I primordial primary secondary vesicularfollicle Developing folliclesecreteslargeamountsof estrogen phaseendswithovulation I P.urgh.it fal ilieinafTafed bylocalparacrinesgrowsandbecomes a primary follicle assquamousfolliclecellsbecome cuboidal 2 primaryfolliclebecomes a secondaryfollicleasfolliclecells 89 tool itesrginiiisa.ec andoocyte communication 3 Secondaryfolliclebecomes a late secondaryfollicleas theca folliculi forms connective tissueandepithelialcells condensedaround thefollicle Luteinizinghormone LHandfollicle stimulatinghormone FSHstimulates secretion of estrogen by thecaland granulosacells Thickextracellularzonapellucidaformsaroundthe oocyte 4 Late secondaryfolliclebecomes a vesicular antral follicle asthe antrum fluidfilledcavity forms betweenlayers of granulosacells capsule ofgranulosacells surrounding oocyte is the coronaradiata and the vesicularfollicle bulgeson the ovary surface byday14 Growth development of follicle influencedlargelybyFSH Primaryoocyte in vesicularfolliclecompletesmeiosisI tobecome a secondary oocyte and firstpolarbody 5 Ovulationoccurs asovarywallruptures andexpels secondary oocyte plus surrounding coronaradiata intoperitoneal cavity Triggered byLHonapproximatelyday14 midcycle 1 2 of ovulationsrelease I oocyte possiblyleadingto fraternaltwins LutealPhase days1428 beginsmidcycle afterovulation 14daysbeforecycleends corpusletum newlyvacantfolliclesecretesprogesterone i off luteumforms inthe ovary from newly vacated follicle secretesprogesteroneandestrogen for approximately10days heistitaymon Testesand forms corpusalbicans scartissue 1,881 1 to to secreteprogesterone andestrogenuntilplacenta fan Effieeh.eu 1teyimstcqptminey HormonalRegulationofthe ovariancycle Hormonalinteractions HPGaxisduring28dayovariancycle 1 GnRHfromhypothalamusstimulatesanteriorpituitary tosecreteFSHandLH 2 FSHandLHstimulates folliclegrowthmaturation andsecretion ofestrogen in ovaries 3 Elevatedbloodestrogenlevelexertsnegativefeedback on hypothalamusand anteriorpituitary thick Gherea an Elliesurvivesdecline inFSHtobecome a maturevesicular follicle 4 veryhighbloodestrogen fromvesicularfollicleexertspositive feedback onHPGaxisresulting in surge 5 If rglfromdnta.tt tioitpYttFarytriggers ovulation day14 Primary oocyte 2n completemeiosisI forming a secondary oocyte n secondaryoocyte withcoronaradiata ruptures from the ovary Corpusluteum formsfrom the ruptured vesicularfollicle 6 uteumexertsnegative teahupsroagedtfhfenrforahfuifaste.GEbitihegvelefeabefrg.mecqhPoYEst feedback on  Anotherhormone fromcorpusluteumcalledinhibinenhancesinhibitoryeffect onthe HPGaxis if fertilizationdoesnotoccur lowLHbloodlevelcauses corpusluteum to degenerateandovarian In ou In hormone levels allowthecycle to startanew uterine menstrual cycle Endometrium mucosalliningoftheuterus undergoes structuralchangeseachmonth controlled byfluctuatingchanges in ovarianhormonesresultingfromtheovariancycle 3phases oftheuterinecycle 1 Menstrualphase days1 5 2 Proliferative preovulatoryphase day6 14 3 Secretory post ovulatoryphase day15 28 Menstrualphase menstruation menses occurs astheuterusshedsthefunctional layer stratumfunctionalis oftheendometrium occurs in response tolowestlevels ofovarianhormones Accompanied bybleeding for 3 5days Byday5 estrogenlevelfromnewly growing ovarianfollicles starts to increase ovulatoryphase risingbloodestrogen levelcauses endometrium toregenerate new Proliferative pre Endometrialglandsenlargeand btis afferries form Estrogen alsocauses Endometrial cells to synthesize progesterone receptors in preparation for interaction with progesterone after ovulation cervicalmucus tobecomethinnerandlessviscousto facilitate spermentryintotheuterus inresponseto LHsurge fromtheanteriorpituitaryovulationoccursonday14 Secretory post ovulatoryphase endometriumpreparesfor implantation of anembryo Is a attitesIlliterate atamma.ie aiieYrmmm sEascuiar Eggame glandsto developandbeginsecretingnutrientsintouterinecavitytosustainembryountil cervicalmucustothickenandformcervicalplugblockingentryofspermandpathogens intotheuterus inhibitionLHreleasefromthe anteriorpituitary if fertilizationdoesnotoccurbeforeendof secretoryphase corpusluteumdegenerates asLHbloodlevelsdeclines Decline in progesteroneendshormonalsignals tomaintainendometrium spiralarterieskinkandspasmlimitingoxygen andnutrient supplytofunctionallayerofthe endometrium Endometrialcellsdieandendometrialglands degenerate Functionallayerfragmentsandbegins to sloughoff initiatingthemenstrualphase andnextuterine cycle afterday28 Menopause ovarianfunctiondeclinesgradually as ovariesbecomeless responsive to gonadotropin signals with increasing age Estrogenproductiondeclinesandzeroorsometimes 2 4oocytemaybeovulated in somecycles Menstrualperiodsbecome irregular andshorter whenmenstruation hasnotoccurred foroneyear mostoften occurs between ages4654 ovariesgraduallystopfunctioning as endocrineorgans some effects of estrogendeclinemayincludevaginaldryness moodchangesvascodilation ofskinbloodvessels hotflashes lossofbonedensity andincreasedcholesterol