Chapter 23 Quizlet.docx

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 23: Living in a World at War 1939-1945 What was FDR concerned about? Growing extremism in Europe throughout the 1930s Americans wanted to remain neutral What were the Neutrality Acts? Laws that were created to ensure...

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 23: Living in a World at War 1939-1945 What was FDR concerned about? Growing extremism in Europe throughout the 1930s Americans wanted to remain neutral What were the Neutrality Acts? Laws that were created to ensure American neutrality in WWII Americans were not allowed to sell goods to countries that were at war What did Hitler do? Winter 1939-1940 invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war against Germany in response Invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 What is Blitzkrieg? German military tactic Lightning Warfare Germany would send in everything that they had at once to overwhelm the enemy Tanks, infantry, air force, and more Invaded countries could not assembly quickly enough to fight the onslaught Germany quickly and easily took over large portions of Europe What happened at Dunkirk? Germany crossed into France and cut off retreating French and British forces at Dunkirk 338,000 British, French, and other troops were trapped They were evacuated by sea with a fleet of commercial ships from England What was the America First Committee? Wanted to keep America isolationist and out of WWII Supported by Charles Lindbergh until the attack on Pearl Harbor What was “Destroyers-for-Bases”? Negotiated by FDR 1940 The United States would exchange obsolete American navy ships for bases in British controlled territories What happened in the election of 1940? FDR ran for an unprecedented third term FDR v. Wendell Willkie (agreed with him on foreign policy but he opposed the New Deal) In the middle of the campaign FDR proposed a military draft, the first time a peacetime military conscription would occur FDR won a third term (Context: In a fireside chat after Christmas 1940, FDR explains how the United States was the arsenal for Democracy. He also expressed the need to protect four freedoms. To protect the freedom of speech, religion, want, and fear) What happened to Great Britain in 1940? Battle of Britain France had surrendered Britain now stood alone against the Axis powers in Europe Hitler wanted to take control of Britain Began a bombing campaign RAF was able to keep Germany at bay but Britain took major hits within its cities from the bombings RAF used radar, new military technology that was a secret still What did FDR do in one of his fireside chats in 1940? He kept Americans abreast of the situation in Britain Said that the United States was the “great arsenal of democracy” and needed to provide supplies and support to Britain What was the Lend-Lease Agreement? A week after the great arsenal fireside chat An agreement that allowed for the United States to lend weapons and munitions to Great Britain and the would return them after the war was over FDR justified this action with the Four Freedoms What were the Four Freedoms? Helped to define America’s engagement in the war, why it was becoming more involved Freedom of speech Freedom from want Freedom from fear Freedom of worship Normal Rockwell, a famous artist, created a series of paintings based off the Four Freedoms that traveled the nation What was happening by early 1941? 1 million men had been drafted New jobs began to open across the nation, contributing to the end of the Great Depression What were German U-Boats doing? Sinking British ships in the North Atlantic in waters surrounding Great Britain The United States Navy began to escort ships as far as Greenland and then turn them over to the protection of the British navy for the remainder of the journey They were also attacking American ships on occasion, including the U.S.S Rueben James in which 115 Americans died What was the Atlantic Charter? August 1941 FDR and Churchill met in the Atlantic Ocean and made a vague agreement about how the war should proceed America had not officially joined the war yet Nations should have the right to self-determination Began to develop the idea of the United Nations What was occurring between the U.S. and Japan? Growing tensions U.S. was angry over Japanese aggression in the Pacific They were angry at U.S. support of China, received supplies through the Lend-Lease Agreement China had been attacked by Japan, horrifically attacked Relationship declined because the U.S. placed a trade embargo or trade sanctions refusing to sell oil and scrap metal to Japan unless they stopped being aggressive in the Pacific, they refused What was Japan trying to do? Expand their power in Asia Asia for Asians Remove European influence Take resources from surrounding areas in the Pacific What were experts predicting? An attack on the Philippines, under American control since the Spanish American War What happened at Pearl Harbor? December 7, 1941 Thousands of Americans died in a surprise attack at the U.S. Navy Base at Pearl Harbor Battleship Row Fear of sabotage U.S.S. Arizona, men trapped alive and were never recovered U.S. Pacific Fleet nearly destroyed U.S. declared war on Japan and then Germany How did Charles Lindbergh respond to the Attack on Pearl Harbor? Changed his mind from isolationism to support for the U.S. joining WWII Who did the U.S. join WWII to on the side of? Allies Britain, France, Russia What was the first target of the U.S.? Germany first Major defeats in the Philippines, Guam, and other areas in the Pacific early on for the U.S. What happened in the Philippines? General Douglas MacArthur was in charge of American troops there but fled to Australia, vowing to return and retake the islands American and Filipino soldiers were taken prisoner by the Japanese The Philippines were attacked the same day as Pearl Harbor What was the Bataan Death March? American and Filipino soldiers were captured by the Japanese in the Philippines They were forced on a 60-mile march through dense jungle Over 2500 would die on the march due to exposure, starvation, dehydration, and even murder by their Japanese captives At the end of the march they were placed in POW camps that resembled concentration camps Many more would die again from disease, lack of nutrition, and murder What was the Battle of Coral Sea? By 1942 Japan had controlled most of the Pacific Series of defeats for the Allies in the Pacific until the Battle of Coral Sea May 1942 Small victory, but still a victory Americans seized Japanese planes and were able to steal their technology to build better and deadlier airplanes such as the American Hellcat plane, could outmaneuver the Japanese Zeros What happened at the Battle of Midway? Japan was planning another surprise attack The U.S. Pacific Fleet had been relocated to Midway because Pearl Harbor was in shambles from the attack in 1941 American fleet learned of the attack in advance and met the Japanese out in the ocean off of the coast in a counter surprise attack The Japanese Fleet was almost completely destroyed, they could not rebuild their fleet as quickly as the U.S. could It was a turning point in the war when the Allies began to make advancements in the Pacific and began winning in the Pacific theater What was the Selective Service? Drafted men into the military Gave unprecedented authority to local draft boards What was the Tydings Amendment? 1942 Exempted agricultural workers from the draft What did women join? Special branches of the military created for women only WAACS (Army) WASPS (Air Force) SPARS (Coast Guard) WAVES (Navy) (Context: A massive effort was made on the home front to aid in the Allied war effort. Women entered into the workforce, minorities took up positions as well, there was rationing of goods, victory gardens, and so much more) What happened on the West Coast? Population grew as war industries opened on the west coast What were women doing? Working in industries, filled positions left vacant by men who went to fight in the war Who was Rose the Riveter? Propaganda poster Encouraged women to join wartime industries What happened with minorities in defense industries? African Americans and Latinos Restricted to low-level jobs Discrimination Who was A. Philip Randolph? He was the leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Wanted to organize a march on Washington to gain rights in defense industries 50,000 African Americans marched on D.C. to protest discrimination in defense industries What was Executive Order 8802? Signed by FDR Made it illegal to discrimination in defense industries that had federal contracts What was the Fair Employment Practices Committee? Created to enforce Executive Order 8802 to enforce it What were the Zoot Suit Riots? Latinos wore long suited jackets in protest, at a time when fabric was being conserved These jackets were called Zoot Suits The U.S. army targeted Latinos wearing Zoot Suits in Los Angles in June 1943 Mobs roamed the city, even pulling men off of buses and stripping them down FDR intervened to stop the rioting; he was concerned about how Mexico (an ally) would react to the violence How did Americans react towards Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor? Many Americans were concerned that the 120,000 Japanese living in the United States might aid the Japanese in an invasion of the U.S. They mostly lived in Hawaii and the west coast of the U.S. They were discriminated against before the attack, but afterwards it became worse What was Executive Order 9066? An executive order signed by FDR in 1942 It ordered all people of Japanese ancestry living on the west coast of the United States to relocate to Internment Camps on the interior of the U.S. They had to leave everything that they owned behind, selling everything pennies on the dollar The Internment Camps were essentially prison camps The Japanese lived there in crowded facilities with no privacy Many families would be housed together in one building The restrooms had no dividers They tried to maintain some normalcy, holding school, and even sporting events The government would end the policy just short of the war ending The 4th and 14th amendment rights of Japanese citizens were violated during this event What was the court case Korematsu v. United States? He was a Japanese American who refused to go to the Internment Camps He sued and lost He went to the camps against his will He sued again in the 1980s and the Supreme Court declared the camps unconstitutional, although they had long since been closed In 1998 President Clinton gave Fred Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom (the highest civilian honor) What was the War Production Board? They were a part of the government that ensured the domestic output continued to keep up with the demands of the war They made it illegal to manufacturer cars and limited civilian manufacturing American production outpaced the Allies What were Liberty Ships? They were known as the “Model T of the Seas” because they were built so fast They were military ships that were built in less than 5 days Sections of the ship would be prefabricated offsite and brought to the shipyard to be pieced together like a puzzle What was the Office of Price Administration? They regulated prices to prevent inflation No price gouging What was the National War Labor Board? They set a limit to wage increased and on the cost of living What was the Little Steel Agreement? The first agreement established by the National War Labor Board to limit wages in the steel industry It set a standard for agreements with other industries Many industries also took on a no strike pledge to aid in the war effort What were living conditions like for workers in industries? Housing was difficult to find Many workers lived in camped buildings that were thrown up quickly What was the Revenue Act? 1942 The government passed this law to raise taxes to help pay for the war 13 million new taxpayers were added What was the Soviet Union pressuring the U.S. and Britain to do? They wanted the U.S. and Britain to open up a second front in Europe They were taking the full brunt of the Nazi forces in continental Europe Staling (leader of the S.U.) grew angry that they delayed it Churchill was concerned about repeating WWI with two open fronts What was the Casablanca Conference? January 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill agree to continue bombing Germany They also decided to open a new front in Europe by invading Italy when North Africa was liberated from Nazi control FDR voiced his concern that the Allies should only accept an unconditional surrender from Germany What happened at Stalingrad? It was the single deadliest battle of WWII The Nazi’s had taken over Stalingrad in August 1942 held onto it until February 1943 It was a brutal winter Nazi soldiers resorted to eating rats Soviet soldiers were sent in without weapons, being told to pick one up from a dead comrade 850,000 Nazis were killed and over a million Soviets were also killed What were Allied troops doing by 1943? They began an invasion of Italy, opening Stalin’s long-awaited second front They took Rome by June 1944 What was happening to Germany? It was constantly being bombed They Allies hoped that constant bombing of Berlin would lower morale and cause a surrender The British would bomb at night and any target Americans only bombed during the day and military targets Americans were not happy with the British practice of “terror bombing” 16% of the missions were shot down What was the Teheran Conference? November 1943 FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met in Tehran, Iran Stalin wanted another front opened up in France and cooperative Allied invasion of Germany through Operation Overlord in 1944 Tensions were developing between the U.S. and the Soviet Union What was Operation Overlord? It was the planned invasion of Normandy, France and the eventual invasion of Germany It began with the D-Day Invasion led by Dwight D. Eisenhower Who was General Dwight D. Eisenhower? He led the Allied troops during the invasion of Normandy He was also the leader of the Allied troops in Europe What was D-Day? General Dwight D. Eisenhower was chosen to be in command The invasion of Normandy is more commonly known as D-Day, occurring June 6. 1944 It was the largest amphibious invasion to date with hundreds of thousands of men, thousands, of ships, and thousands of airplanes General Omar Bradley led the first troops to land on Omaha beach in Normandy It was a deadly fight Allied soldiers had to make it onto the beach without getting killed, where they would then encounter barbed wire, bombs, and machine gun fire The Allies were successful in pushing the Nazi lines back Paris, France was liberated on August 25, 1944 (There is so much that you can talk about here….this is a very general overview) What was the Battle of the Bulge? December 1945 Allied forced continued to advance from the east (Soviets) and the west (Britain and the United States) towards Germany This was the last major battle of the war as the Allied lines pushed towards Germany, then were pushed back by the Nazis, and then the Allies again pushed through the Nazi lines and into Germany What did the Allies discover? As they pushed past Germany lines, they discovered Concentration and Extermination Camps from the Holocaust They liberated survivors Rumors spread about what the Nazis were doing, but the full extent was not understood by the Allies until they saw the camps Many who lived around the camps claimed to not know what was happening in them, the Allies forced them to go into the camps and bury the dead, so they could no longer claim to not know what happened Over 6 million Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, the physically disabled, the mentally disabled and political dissenters were killed in the camps (You can spend so much more time here, this is an extremely brief summary) What happened to Hitler? The Allies were moving in closer towards Berlin Soviet troops circled Berlin in late April Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker on April 30, 1945 Within a few days, Germany would surrender (Context: All of the people in the bunker with Hitler also committed suicide. Including his wife of two days, top officials, their wives and their children as well.) What happened to FDR? FDR died just a few weeks before the war ended on April 12, 1945 from a stroke He was in the beginning of his 4th term as President (no longer legal to serve more than two terms) Who was Harry S Truman? He was FDR’s Vice President When FDR died, he became President in April 1945 He would latter drop the atomic bombs on Japan How did the Japanese view the war? It was against Japanese culture to surrender Even though the Japanese were losing the war in the Pacific by 1944, they continued to fight on The war became more violent and intense Kamikaze pilots would intentionally crash their planes into U.S. ships, sacrificing their lives in this manner for their country would bring honor to their families in Japanese culture What did U.S. Marines do in the Pacific? They began taking islands in the Pacific through a strategy called Island Hopping They would take one island, establish a base, and then take the next one as they worked their way towards mainland Japan The Marines faced a horrific battle against the Japanese on the islands, with atrocities occurring on both sides Japanese soldiers and civilians would jump off cliffs to their deaths rather than surrender to the Allies Iwo Jima was captured by the Marines in March 1945, this is where the famous picture of raising the American flag came from Who were the Navajo Code Talkers? They were Native Americans from the Navajo Nation that were enlisted in the U.S. military They used their own language (hard to decipher and not written down anywhere) to rely messages instantly over the radio This saved time because the didn’t have to decode what was being said to them, they could then turn to their unit and translate the message into English What was the Manhattan Project? It was the code name for the building of the Atomic Bomb The atomic bomb was first successfully tested in Los Alamos, New Mexico in July 1945 The atomic bomb would be dropped on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945 Japan would surrender shortly after but the formal surrender would not take place until September 2, 1945 aboard the U.S.S. Missouri The following questions are either not addressed in the book or provide no context (especially for the people). What was the Battle of the Atlantic? The fight between the Allies and the Axis Powers to control the Atlantic Ocean The United States was sending supplies and troops across the ocean If they Nazi’s could cut off the American supply route, they would have a better chance at winning the war Submarine warfare became a big player in this part of the war Who were the Tuskegee Airmen? They were a group of All-African American pilots They had to pass a more rigorous test than the white pilots had to, attempting to prevent them from joining the program They were the cream of the crop of educated African American men, outperforming many of their white counterparts due to their higher standards of qualifications Even though they were trained and ready to go, they were not sent overseas When Eleanor Roosevelt (FDR’s wife) learned of this, she told her husband and they were sent to North Africa At first, they faced discrimination White bomber pilots did not want them to escort them on their missions Then when the Tuskegee Airmen had greater success in protecting the bomber planes than other groups, the white pilots refused to fly unless the Tuskegee Airmen were there with them Eventually they would also fly missions in Europe They helped to break down racial barriers in the military What was Executive Order 9981? After the Tuskegee Airmen helped to break down racial barriers 1948 President Truman signed this order to end discrimination in the military Who were the Flying Tigers? They were American volunteer pilots from the U.S. military that flew with the Chinese to fight off a Japanese invasion This was prior to U.S. entry into the war Who was General Douglas MacArthur? He was commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific He was in the Philippines when they were attacked 10 hours after Pearl Harbor He ended up fleeing the island, due to orders, and went to Australia He later helped retake the Philippines back from the Japanese and many other islands throughout the Pacific He oversaw the Occupation of Japan What was the Occupation of Japan? Following WWII Japan was occupied by Allied forces The Emperor was allowed to remain a figurehead, but a new Japanese Constitution was created MacArthur oversaw the rebuilding of the nation following the war What was Island Hopping? A U.S. strategy of taking one islands in the Pacific from Japanese control They would then establish a base to stage an invasion of the next island They did this as they worked their way towards the Japanese mainland Who was George C. Marshall? He was Chief of Staff for FDR during the war He increased the size of the military at a rampant pace He proposed the Marshall plan to help Western Europe rebuild after the war What was the Homefront? All of the efforts of civilians back in the continental United States WASPS, WAVES, WACS, SPARS Victory Gardens Rationing Working in war industries Scrap metal drives Buying War Bonds And so much more…. What was the Non-Aggression Pact? 1939 Prior to the outbreak of WWII Hitler and Stalin promised not to attack one another They also agreed to divide Poland between them Hitler would violate this agreement when he invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 (There is a fun political cartoon with this one, it works great with getting the students to analyze what is happening. “I wonder how long the honeymoon will last”) What were Victory Gardens? There was a shortage of farm laborers as many went to go fight overseas Civilians were encouraged to grow their own food in their yards and can what they could for the winter This reduced the demand for commercially grown food that could now be sent overseas to feed the Allies What were War Bonds? The government needed money to fund or finance the war effort Civilians would give the government money and they would receive a paper IOU in exchange After the war was over, they could cash it in and get their money back What was rationing? Trade routes were disrupted Supplies were short Goods began to be rationed Sugar, Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, Rubber, Nylon, Metals, Gasoline, and more Civilians were given ration books to purchase their fair share of a rationed item What was Propaganda? When someone is trying to make you believe something or feel a certain way It was used in movies, posters, songs, and more during WWII It stirred up Anti-Axis beliefs portraying the Nazis and Japanese as villains in posters They were also used to increase patriotism, sell war bonds, increase enlistment, and more What was the Potsdam Conference? July-August 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Truman Negotiated the terms for ending WWII Division of Germany Creation of the United Nations What new technologies were made available during WWII? Radar – tell where planes were in the sky Improved sonar – see what was in or under the water Antibiotics are used in the field to prevent infections Jet engines see their first applications Proximity fuse to ignite bombs at specific points Encrypted codebreaking machines to decode messages Who was Joseph Stalin? He was the leader of the Soviet Union (Russia) during WWII and the beginning of the Cold War He was a brutal military dictator What was Cash and Carry? Before the U.S. entered WWII The Allies could purchase supplies with cash and carry them on their own ships across the Atlantic This was an attempt to prevent the Axis powers from targeting American ships What was the Quarantine Speech? Prior to U.S. entry into WWII FDR said that the United States needed to quarantine or isolate aggressive nations and prevent them from taking over other nations Who was Winston Churchill? He was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII What was the Doolittle Raid? Following the attack on Pearl Harbor The U.S. organized this event to bomb Japan It wasn’t a major attack, but proved that the U.S. could also reach Japan and attack them at home They had to find a way to make heavy U.S. Army bombers take off from the short runways of the Navy’s Aircraft Carriers, it was a major accomplishment in itself Who were the Axis Powers? Italy, Germany, and Japan Who were the Allied Powers? Great Britain, France (until 1940 and again in 1944), U.S. (after 1941), the Soviet Union (after 1941) What years was WWII? 1939-1945 What was the Office of War Information? OWI They controlled all of the information put out about the war Including what was shown in movies, played on radios, printed on posters, and more Nothing could make the Allies look bad, including the Soviets (Hollywood producers would later be accused of being communists for showing them in a positive light even though the government made them) Who was Vernon Baker? He was a soldier in the U.S. Army He took out four German machine guns by himself He was not awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor until 1997, due to racial discrimination in awards during WWII He was the only living African American soldier to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for his service during WWII What were the Nuremberg Trials? Following WWII Nazi soldiers were put on trial for crimes against humanity Several were executed and their bodies were cremated in the same furnaces where their victims remains were disposed of What was the Marshal Plan? A plan after WWII for the U.S. to provide financial aid to western Europe to help them rebuild The idea was that if they were not struggling financially, they would be less likely to fall to communism