Cost Efficient Construction Notes 2022 PDF

College of Engineering and Technology Department of Construction Technology and Management Chapter 2: Cost Efficient Construction and Embodied energy of building materials 1 Cost Efficient Construction It is the construction of :...

College of Engineering and Technology Department of Construction Technology and Management Chapter 2: Cost Efficient Construction and Embodied energy of building materials 1 Cost Efficient Construction It is the construction of :- 1. Cost effective facilities using appropriate technologies; 2. Energy efficient and environmentally friendly structures; Energy efficient:  Using simple machines:- Save energy in production Raw materials: Derived from agro-industrial and natural fibers, requires less energy in production. Environmentally friendly: Utilize of agro-industrial waste Improving waste management and environmental protection Utilize local resources WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 2 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B. 3. Facilitate that create employment and skill improvement opportunities (Employment generation); Simple machines:- with manual handling, increase employment for unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Small enterprises:- can be set up at decentralized locations Production of components:- involves people after short training 4. Structures that substitute expensive & scarce building materials and its components by low cost locally available materials to suit local design typologies. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 3 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B. 2.2.Concept/Problem Background WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 4 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Conti.. In 2008 The United Nations estimates that at least one hundred million people in the world have no home. If those with poor quality housing are included, the number is more than 1.6 billion. Worldwide housing needs are expected to double over the next 50 years In Africa alone, they are expected to grow more than threefold WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 5 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Cont…  According to the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD; 2008) groups homeless persons into two broad categories: (A) Primary homeless ( roofless).  This category includes persons living in streets or without a shelter or living quarters; (B) Secondary homeless  This category may include persons with no place of usual residence who move frequently between various types of accommodation (including dwellings, shelters or other living quarters)  This category also includes persons living in private dwellings but reporting ‘no usual address’ on their census form. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 6 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Root Cause Increase in cost of construction due to: Increase in cost of conventional construction materials primarily steel, cement, bricks, timber and other inputs as well as cost of labour. As a result, the cost of construction using conventional building materials and construction is beyond the affordability of the low income groups of population as well as a large cross section of the middle - income groups. WKU, Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 7 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Conti… Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing cost are deemed “Affordable” to a group of people within a specified income range. Low cost does not mean low standards, standards should be fulfilled or well compromised. Standards should be provided for newly founded materials or local materials which are not covered by the building code. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 8 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Conti…  Therefore, there is a need to adopt cost-effective construction methods  By up grading of traditional technologies using locally available resources or applying modern construction materials and techniques with efficient inputs leading to economic solutions.  or inventing any new practical way that can solve the problem and provision of regulations for the new materials WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 9 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  2.3. Importance/objectives  To take advantage in a sustainable and ecologically acceptable way the local resources for the production of alternative construction materials;  To promote the production of local construction materials and alternative traditional and modern constructive systems that are popularized and disseminated within Communities, Educational Institutions and in the Professional Training Centers;  To contribute to the creation of regulations of WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 10 alternative constructive systems and uniformity of Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  2.4. Embodied Energy  Embodied energy is the energy consumed by all of the processes associated with the production of a building, from the mining and processing of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product delivery.  Embodied energy is the total energy required to produce any product or service from the raw material extraction stage through the demolition of the infrastructure.  Embodied energy is the ‘upstream’ or ‘front-end’ component of the lifecycle impact of a home  Embodied energy of any construction material was calculated as: Embodied energy of material (MJ) = Weight of material in (kg) X value of embodied energy in (MJ/kg) WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 11 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 12 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Low cost = Low energy The building material industries as a whole rely to a large extent on high temperature processes and are among the most energy-intensive industries. For example:- The cost of energy in the production of cement or clay bricks/tiles accounts for 50 to 70% of the direct cost of manufacturing. The use of energy in the production process has to be optimized so that overall cost of building construction is reduced and the polluting impact of the excessive use of fossil fuel is arrested. According to WKU,Cost Van Wyk, Lecture Efficient Construction, construction activities 13 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Cont..  The consumption of these resources adversely affects the environment through over exploitation of both renewable and nonrenewable resources (materials and energy).  The creation of low-energy ecological habitats is a key component to sustainable development.  Cost-effective construction technologies can bring down the embodied energy level associated with production of building materials by lowering use of energy-consuming materials. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B. 14  Cont.. Energy consumption stages rgy ene died bo Em WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 15 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.  Cont.. Table 1 : energy consumption of some construction materials in MJ/Kg Source: Lawson Buildings, Materials, Energy and the Environnent (1996); * fibre cément 16 figure update from earlier version and endorsed by Dr. Lawson  Cont.. Table 2: Cost of energy relative to production cost of selected materials WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 17 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B. WKU,Cost Efficient Construction, Lecture 18 Notes, 2022, BY:- Simachew B.