Child Psy Lec Chapter 2 PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 2 Culture, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Technology CHILD DEVELOPMENT Sixteenth Edition JOHN W. SANTROCK KIRBY DEATER-DECKARD JENNIFER E. LANSFORD © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribu...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 2 Culture, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Technology CHILD DEVELOPMENT Sixteenth Edition JOHN W. SANTROCK KIRBY DEATER-DECKARD JENNIFER E. LANSFORD © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Learning Goals Discuss the role of culture in children’s development. Explain how race and ethnicity are linked to children’s development. Describe how socioeconomic status and poverty affect children’s lives. Summarize the influence of technology on children’s development. © McGraw Hill LLC 2  Culture and Children’s Development Culture Relevance of culture when studying children Cross-cultural comparisons Individualism Collectivism © McGraw Hill LLC 3  Figure 1 Characteristics of Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures Individualistic Collectivistic Focuses on individual. Focuses on groups. Self is determined by personal traits Self is defined by in-group terms; self can independent of groups; self is stable across change with context. contexts. Private self is more important. Public self is most important. Personal achievement, competition, power are Achievement is for the benefit of the in-group; important. cooperation is stressed. The following content is arranged like a table. Cognitive dissonance is frequent. Cognitive dissonance is infrequent. Emotions (such as anger) are self-focused. Emotions (such as anger) are often relationship based. People who are the most liked are self- People who are the most liked are modest, assured. self-effacing. Values: pleasure, achievement, competition, Values: security, obedience, in-group harmony, freedom. personalized relationship. Many casual relationships. Few, close relationships. Save own face. Save own and other’s face. Independent behaviors: swimming, sleeping Interdependent behaviors: co-bathing, co- alone in room, privacy. sleeping. Relatively rare mother-child physical contact. Frequent mother-child physical contact (such as hugging, holding). © McGraw Hill LLC 4  Figure 2 American and Chinese Self-Conceptions. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 5  Race & Ethnicity Ethnicity Immigration Immigrant risk model Immigrant paradox model © McGraw Hill LLC 6  Figure 3 Actual and Projected Number of U.S. Adolescents Aged 10 to 19, 2000 to 2100. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 7  Immigration Face special stressors Bicultural orientation Collectivist cultures Individual families differ Familism © McGraw Hill LLC 8  Differences and Diversity Historical, economic, and social experiences Recognizing and respecting these differences Diversity within each ethnic group Children’s perspective taking Prejudice © McGraw Hill LLC 9  Figure 4 Black American Adolescents’ Reports of Daily Racial/Ethnic Discrimination (English & Others, 2020) Type of Racial/ Ethnic Discrimination Example of Experience Assumption of criminality Watched closely or followed around by security guards or store clerks at a store or mall Assumption of intellectual Treated as if you were “stupid” or “talked down" to inferiority Assumed universality of the Asked to be a representative of your race/ethnicity during a Black American experience discussion at school The following content Second-class citizenship is arranged Treated unfairly by people inlike a table. service jobs (store clerks, waiters, bartenders, bank tellers, and others) Assumption of inferior status Encounter people who were surprised that you, given your race or ethnic background, did something really well Individual online Show you a racist image online Vicarious online Witness people saying mean or rude things about another Black person’s race/ethnicity online Individual teasing Peer joke about the negative treatment of Black people in the United States (e.g., slavery, police brutality) © McGraw Hill LLC 10  Academic Success and Cultural Influences on Peer Groups Peer and parental influence Authoritative parents © McGraw Hill LLC 11  Preparing Educators for Teaching in a Multicultural Classroom Need awareness and knowledge of cultural diversity Course on multicultural education Experience Social and cultural gaps © McGraw Hill LLC 12  Socioeconomic Status 1 Socioeconomic status (SES) It implies certain inequalities. Generally, members of society have: occupations that vary in prestige; different levels of and access to educational attainment; different economic resources; and different levels of power to influence a community’s institutions © McGraw Hill LLC 13  Socioeconomic Status 2 Most research on SES delineates two categories: low and middle. Low SES is sometimes described as low income, working class, or blue-collar. Middle SES is sometimes middle income, managerial, or white-color. A parent’s SES is likely linked to the neighborhoods in which children live and the schools they attend. Such variations can influence children’s adjustment. © McGraw Hill LLC 14  Socioeconomic Status 3 In the United States and other Western cultures, differences have been found in child rearing among different SES groups. Low-SES parents: Higher-SES parents: Concerned that children Concerned with conform to society’s children’s initiative. expectations. Children are more nearly Tend to have an equal participants. authoritarian style. Physical punishment is Use physical punishment less likely. more. Are less directive and Are more directive and more conversational with less conversational. children. © McGraw Hill LLC 15  Socioeconomic Status 4 Children and adolescents from low-SES homes are at risk for low achievement and emotional problems. Adolescents from affluent families also face challenges such as substance abuse and adjustment difficulties. Ethnicity and SES © McGraw Hill LLC 16  Poverty 1 Children in poverty represent a special concern. In 2019, approximately 14 percent of U.S. children lived in families with incomes below the poverty line. U.S. figures are much higher than other industrialized nations’. Black American and Latino families have especially high rates of poverty. Persistent and long-standing poverty can have especially damaging effects on children. Intermittent poverty arising from income and housing insecurity can also have detrimental effects in the long term. © McGraw Hill LLC 17  Poverty 2 Psychological ramifications Poor children experience widespread environmental inequities Adolescents Single mothers Race, ethnicity, and SES © McGraw Hill LLC 18  Countering Poverty’s Effects One trend in anti-poverty programs is to conduct two- generation interventions. These provide services for children and services for parents. Example: the New Hope Project. © McGraw Hill LLC 19  Technology Many of today’s adolescents have spent more time since infancy in front of a screen than with their parents or in the classroom. This is now referred to as screen time © McGraw Hill LLC 20  Media Use and Screen Time 1 Digital technology Used to enhance children’s and adolescents’ education Negative effects Information retrieval vs. formation © McGraw Hill LLC 21  Figure 6 Amount of Time U.S. 8- to 18-Year-Olds Spend per Day in Different Activities Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC Alberto Pomares/Apomares/E+/Getty Images 22  Media Multitasking When the amount of time spent multitasking is included in total media use, 11- to 14-year-olds spend nearly 12 hours a day exposed to media. One longitudinal study found higher multitasking predicted attention problems. In another, the presence of phones during face-to-face interaction interfered with social engagement. © McGraw Hill LLC 23  Television and Electronic Media Positive influences of TV Negative influences of TV Video games Electronic media, learning, and achievement Interference Displacement Self-defeating tastes/preferences Digital devices and the internet © McGraw Hill LLC 24  Figure 7 Educational TV Viewing in Early Childhood and High School Grade Point Average for Boys. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 25  Review Discuss the role of culture in children’s development. Explain how race and ethnicity are linked to children’s development. Describe how socioeconomic status and poverty affect children’s lives. Summarize the influence of technology on children’s development. © McGraw Hill LLC 26