CHAPTER-1.FORMATION-OF-ELEMENTS-FOUND-IN-THE-UNIVERSE-no-video.pptx

Chapter 1: FORMATION OF ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSE Introduction Have you ever wondered how the universe was created? You are not different at all from the people of the ancient world who speculated about the beginning of the universe.  They were the philosophers an...

Chapter 1: FORMATION OF ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSE Introduction Have you ever wondered how the universe was created? You are not different at all from the people of the ancient world who speculated about the beginning of the universe.  They were the philosophers and theologians who had no experimental evidence that would provide a basis for a scientific theory. In this chapter, you will learn about the beginning the universe. THE BIG BANG THEORY  Stephen W. Hawking (1988) in his book A Brief History of Time says  “One may say that time had the beginning at the big bang, in the sense the earlier times simply would not defined...One can imagine that god created the universe at literary any time in the past… if the universe is expanding, there may be physical reason why there had to be a beginning.  Once could still imagine that God created the universe at the instant of the big bang, or even afterwards in just such a way as to make it look as though there had been a big bang, but it would be meaningless to suppose that it was created before the big bang.  An expanding universe does not preclude a creator, but it does place limits on when he might have carried out his job”. Activity 1: A MODEL OF AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE Objective:  To make a model of an expanding universe Procedure: 1. Prepare the following materials. 1 balloon (not red or black) 2 marker pens (1 red, black) 1 tape measure  2. Make a data table with 5 columns and 10 rows like the one shown below. Data and observation: Dots Distance from Distance from the Change of Factor by the dot at the dot at the center distance which center (l) after expansion (ll) from center distance (ll-l) change (ll÷l) A B C D E F G H I 3. Ask a teammate to blow the balloon with air until it is stretched tight and hold it closed. 4. Using a tape measure, measure its diameter. 5. Draw red dots on the surface of the balloon about two centimeters apart (see illustration below).  6. Locate a central dot and encircle it with a black marker.  7. Choose 10 dots– some far and some near the central dots. Label these dots A to I.  8. Measure the distances of dots A to I from the central dot. Record these distances in column 2 of your data table.  9. Have your teammate blow again your balloon. This time, measure the distance of dots A to I from the central dot. Record the distance in column 3 of the data table. 10. Subtract the data in column 2 from the corresponding data in column 3. Record the resulting data in column 4. 11. Divide the data in column 3 by the corresponding data in column 2. record your answers in column 5. QUESTIO NS AND PROBLEM  What does blowing of the balloon represent?  What is the representation of the dots in the expanding balloon?  Is the activity comparable to the expanding universe that is preclude by the scientist today? How or why do you think so? Compare the data in column 2 with the data in column 4, what do you think it represent? Explain your answer.  Compare the set of data in column 2 with the set of data in column 5. Explain your answer.  4. What conclusion can be drawn about the universe based on the activity?  If our universe is still expanding up to this moment? In your own opinion, do you think there might be a time, when it will reach its limit and goes back to another big bang where it all begins? The expanding balloon in the activity is a model of an expanding universe. The dots represent the galaxies. In this model of the universe, the galaxies are moving away from one another. As we preclude that all the matter in the galaxies were once packed together in a very dense mass, that this mass exploded 15 million years ago in a big bang where a center cannot be determined since it occurred everywhere in space at the same time. They were just like the dots in the balloon that you blew up. the dots moved away little by little from one another similar to the galaxies in an expanding universe.  In addition to developing the big bang theory of the expanding universe, Gamow made enormous contributions to the understanding of the nucleus of the atom, the activity of stars, the creation of the elements, and the genetic code of life.  The idea of Gamow was so interesting and exciting it led other scientists to test it experimentally. The following pieces of evidence were found to support Gamow’s hypothesis:  1. Measurements showed that the universe is expanding and that galaxies are moving away from one another at high speed. In 1929, Edwin Hubble provided the first observational evidence for the universe having a finite age. Using the largest telescope of the time, he discovered that the more distant a galaxy is from us, the faster it appears to be receding into space. This means that the universe is expanding uniformly in all directions.  2. A cosmic background radiation was detected. His predictions of cosmic microwave background radiation and his explanation of the present levels of hydrogen and helium in the universe both lent important theoretical support to the Big Bang theory. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the faint remnant glow of the big bang. This false color image, covering about 2.5 percent of the sky, shows fluctuations in the ionized gas that later condensed to make superclusters of galaxies.  3. The discovery of the primordial helium is consistent with the belief of scientists that the lightest elements, helium and hydrogen, were the first elements to be formed in the early stages of the evolution of the universe. The accepted explanation is that this base level of helium is primordial—that is, it was created during the early, hot epochs of the universe, before any stars had formed. The production of elements heavier than hydrogen by nuclear fusion shortly after the Big Bang is called primordial nucleosynthesis.   In 1995, astronomers analyzed the ultraviolet light coming from a quasar and found that helium atoms absorbed this light in its path approaching earth. In recognition of all the supporting evidence and the discovery of the primordial helium, scientists now to refer to Gamow’s hypothesis as the Big Bang Theory.  The drawings below show a series of steps in the information of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory: Figure 1.1. The big bang  Figure 1.2. Much later radiation formed into matter Figure 1.3. Galaxies formed from matter ` ` SUMMA RY  1. The universe started 15 billion years ago in an explosion called the big bang. 2. After the big bang the universe started to expand and continues to expand since then. 3. There are pieces of evidence that support the big bang theory of Gamow. (a) Measurements showed that the universe is expanding and that galaxies are moving away from one another.  (b). A cosmic background radiation was detected. (c). Primordial helium was discovered. 4. Second after the big bang, light elements formed. Protons, neutrons, and electrons consisted the universe. At present, the universe consists mostly of hydrogen and helium. 5. Heaver elements were formed in a process called nucleosynthesis.  THANK YOU! GET READY!