Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil GCE ‘O’ Level Science PDF

Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil Discover Chemistry for GCE ‘O’ Level Science and Normal (A) Level 1 Science © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil 15.1 Why...

Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil Discover Chemistry for GCE ‘O’ Level Science and Normal (A) Level 1 Science © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil 15.1 Why are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Important in Our Lives? 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? 15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? 2 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Important in Our Lives? Learning Outcome(s) Name natural gas and crude oil as non-renewable sources of energy. Describe crude oil as a mixture of hydrocarbons. 3 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Textbook Page 226 Important in Our Lives? Every year, Singapore’s overall electricity consumption rises. 4 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Textbook Page 225 Chemistry Connect Natural gas accounts for more than 95% of Singapore’s electricity production. What are fossil fuels? Watch this video to find out more about fossil fuels. 5 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Why are Fuels Needed? A FUEL is a substance that is burnt to release energy. Sources of Energy petroleum (crude oil) natural gas FOSSIL FUELS  Source of Energy - Fuels Petroleum Natural gas (also called crude oil) is a gaseous fuel is a thick black liquid used to power our stoves mixture.  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 2 release energy / provide Crude energy natural gas oil fossil 8 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Textbook Page 227 15.1 What are Fossil Fuels? Fossil fuels are mainly the hydrocarbons (which are compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only). They are formed from the decomposition of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. 9 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Formation and extraction of natural gas and crude oil Textbook Page 228 10 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Textbook Page 228 Important in Our Lives? Non-Renewable Sources of Energy Natural gas and crude oil are both non-renewable sources of energy. ✔ They are limited in supply; ✔ They cannot be replaced fast enough for our rate of use. 11 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 2 hydrocarbons hydroge carbon n non-renewabl e limited cannot be replaced 12 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Textbook Page 227 Important in Our Lives? What is the process in which fossil fuels are burnt in excess oxygen? 13 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Important in Our Lives? Combustion of petroleum and natural gas Crude oil and natural gas are burnt to provide energy. Combustion Complete Incomplete With excess oxygen With limited oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water producing carbon monoxide, soot and water  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Textbook Page 227 Important in Our Lives? Combustion of petroleum and natural gas Complete combustion of natural gas: Note: Natural gas mainly consists of methane. 15 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 2 Complete combustion 16 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary of Lesson 15.1 Natural gas and crude oil are non-renewable sources of energy. Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel that consists mostly of methane. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. 17 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil 15.1 Why are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Important in Our Lives? 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? 15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? 18 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.1 Why Are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Textbook Page 228 Important in Our Lives? Crude oil / Petroleum Consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons with different properties and uses. Some can be burnt to release energy Others are common starting materials to synthesise chemicals, e.g. plastics Crude oil needs to be separated into the different groups of hydrocarbons using fractional distillation. 19 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Recall! What physical property is fractional distillation dependent on? Different boiling points 20 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Learning Outcome(s) Describe the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation. Describe the competing uses of the fractions as fuels and sources of chemicals. 21 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Textbook 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Page 229 After crude oil is extracted, it is sent to oil refineries. Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into useful fractions. This is because the hydrocarbons in crude oil are miscible and have different boiling points. 22 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Petroleum refining processes 23 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Textbook 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Page 229 In the school laboratory, a glass fractionating column is used. The fraction with the lowest boiling point is collected first, followed by the fraction with the next higher boiling point. Helpful note: Fractional distillation of crude oil also involves the processes of boiling and condensation. 24 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Question: 1. Which is the fractionating column? 2. Where is the part where boiling Naphtha and condensation are taking place? or Kerosene 3. How many different fractions could be obtained from crude oil during the process? 4. What is the relationship between the boiling points of the various fractions and the position of the fractions being extracted in the 25 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd fractionating column?  Textbook 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Page 230 In the industrial process, the different fractions condense at different points along a huge fractionating column. Fractions with higher boiling points are gathered at the outlets further down the column, while fractions with lower boiling points are collected at the topmost outlet. 26 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Textbook 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Page 231 27 © All rights reserved  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 3 fractional distillation different boiling points of the fractions 28 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 vapour Page 3 fractionating column coole condens d ed liquid fraction different heights different boiling points higher lower 29  Fractions Labelling Petroleum gas Summary 15 Page 4 Petrol Naphtha Crude Kerosene / oil Paraffin Diesel Lubricating oil Bitumen 30 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Fractions Labelling Page 5 Petroleum gas Petrol Naphtha Kerosene Diesel Lubricating oil Bitumen 31  Textbook 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? Page 231 Uses of Different Crude Oil Fractions Some fractions have more than one purpose. These different purposes compete for the limited supplies of crude oil. 32 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary of Lesson 15.2 Fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil into useful fractions. The fractions may be used as fuel or petrochemical feedstock, which results in the competing uses of the limited crude oil supply. 33 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Products from Cracking of Naphtha 34 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Activate Prior Knowledge Let’s play a quiz on your personal learning device to test your prior knowledge from the past lessons! Launch Quiz 15.3 35 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Chapter 15 Fuels and Crude Oil 15.1 Why are Natural Gas and Crude Oil Important in Our Lives? 15.2 How Can Crude Oil Be Separated? 15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? 36 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Non-renewable Fossil Fuels Will fossil fuels run out? 37 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  What Issues Arise from the Uses of Fossil Fuels? Fossil fuels are limited ⚫ There are limited amounts of fossil fuels on Earth and they cannot be replaced. ⚫ Eventually, they will run out. ⚫ At the present rate of consumption, crude oil and natural gas may run out within 50 years and coal will only last for a further 250 years.  Textbook What are the Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels? Page 232 39 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  What Issues Arise from the Uses of Fossil Fuels? Competition for Oil ⚫ Most crude oil is used to provide fuels for burning. A small amount is used to make useful materials such as plastics and chemicals. ⚫ As there is only a limited amount of crude oil in the Earth, many believe that it should be reserved for making chemicals. Moreover, burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution and global warming. ⚫ We need to conserve crude oil. A shortage of crude oil will result in a shortage of chemicals. If the crude oil runs out, it will be extremely expensive to produce the plastics, drugs and other chemicals that we all take for granted today.  Alternative Fuels - Biofuels ⚫ Unlike fossil fuels, plants are renewable. So, plants can supply energy forever. ⚫ In some countries, palm oil is being investigated as a possible fuel. After a small adjustment to the engine, diesel trucks run quite well on palm oil. ⚫ In Brazil, large amounts of ethanol are used as fuel for vehicles. Ethanol is produced from sugarcane grown on large plantations. ⚫ In other countries, such as Australia and the USA, ethanol is mixed with petrol to give a fuel called gasohol.  15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? Learning Outcome(s) State that ethanol obtained from sugarcane is a biofuel. Describe biofuel as a renewable alternative to natural gas and crude oil Describe how biofuel, when compared to fossil fuels, can be more environmentally sustainable in terms of carbon dioxide emission. 43 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Sustainable Fuels (SF) 44 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 6 Biofuels are alternative renewable energy sources to crude oil and natural gas, which come from plants or animals. ethanol / bioethanol fermentation of sugars 45 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? Biofuels are alternative renewable energy sources to crude oil and natural gas, which come from plants or animals. Example: Ethanol (an alcohol) can be produced from the fermentation of plants such as sugarcane. Known as bioethanol when used as an alternative fuel Textbook Page 233 46 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Fermentation of Sugar to Produce Biofuels 47 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? Answer: Yes! Textbook Page 233 Sugarcane plants can be regrown in a short period of time. 🡪 Hence the ethanol produced is considered renewable. Sugarcane plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. 🡪 This offsets the carbon dioxide produced when bioethanol is burnt. Helpful note: When determining the environmental impact of using biofuels, the carbon dioxide generated during the production and transportation processes should also be considered. 48 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 6 49 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Chapter 15: Summary Notes Page 7 Yes. Plants can be regrown in a short period of time, hence biofuel produced is considered renewable. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. This offsets the carbon dioxide produced when biofuel is burnt. 50  15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Textbook Page 234 Sustainable? 51 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Producing Bioethanol from Sugarcane 52 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary of Lesson 15.3 Biofuels are alternative renewable energy sources to crude oil and natural gas. Ethanol produced from plants is considered a renewable resource. 53 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  15.3 Are Biofuels More Environmentally Sustainable? Textbook Page 236 54 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  Summary 15 Practice Page 8 A 55  Summary 15 Practice Page 8 B 56  Summary 15 Practice Page 8 B 57  Summary 15 Practice Page 8 A 58  Summary 15 Practice Page 9 B 59  Summary 15 Practice Page 9 60  Summary 15 Practice Page 9 C 61  Summary 15 Practice Page 10 62  Practice Summary 15 Page 10 different boiling points of the fractions in crude oil as the feedstock for making plastics / detergent road surfaces / roofing 63  Practice Summary 15 Page 10 The crude oil is heated in a furnace to change it into vapour. enters the fractionating column, where it is The vapour cooled and condensed to give liquid fractions. The fractions leave the column at different heights depending on their different boiling points. Fractions with higher boiling points are gathered at the outlets further down the column, while fractions with lower boiling points 64 are collected at the topmost outlet.  Practice Summary 15 Page 11 A C 65  Practice Summary 15 Page 11 B 66  Textbook Biofuels Page 234 What are the economic, environmental and social effects of biofuels? 67 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd  What Issues Arise from the Uses of Biofuels? ⚫ Plants are unlikely to provide very large amounts of fuel needed by industries and for generating electricity. ⚫ Also, growing these plants will take up land space which can be better used for agriculture of food crops. ⚫ “Biofuels are not the fuels of the poor; they are the foods of the poor.”  Textbook Enrichment Page 234 Rotting vegetables to electricity? 69 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd