Chapter 15 & 16 PDF

Chapter 15 & 16 (this has the slides we did in class and book info too!) CHAPTER 15 Why do we need consensus? Definition: Ex: "Educators agree that early childhood education significantly impacts a child's A general agr...

Chapter 15 & 16 (this has the slides we did in class and book info too!) CHAPTER 15 Why do we need consensus? Definition: Ex: "Educators agree that early childhood education significantly impacts a child's A general agreement or majority opinion cognitive and social development." among a group of people. - Every single individuals study is This reflects general agreement among experts in the education field, based on cofounded (complicated) in some way decades of research. - Every single individual scientist is a human being with their own biases - The collective of nature of science is critical Two ways to consider “consensus” 1. The accumulation of peer reviewed Scientific Consensus: scientific papers Example: Studies show 97% of scientists agree - This is truly scientific consensus humans cause climate change. Why: Based on many peer-reviewed papers. Proxy for Consensus: 2. The opinions of professional Example: The IPCC says humans cause climate researchers qualified to construct and change. informed opinion based on that Why: Experts summarize research into a published research. statement. - This is a proxy (authority to represent Scientific Consensus: Comes directly from the someone else) for scientific accumulation of peer-reviewed studies consensus. Proxy for Consensus: Comes from experts summarizing and interpreting those studies Scientific Consensus - Relies on a accumulation evidence Book Definition: - Large enough to overcome statistical An agreement of evidence on a particular uncertainty conclusion that is produced by convergence. - Methodologically diverse enough to overcome sampling and Ex: measurement biases The conclusion that smoking causes lung cancer - Inclusive enough to overcome the is a scientific consensus. biases of scientific scientists This agreement is based on decades of peer-reviewed research demonstrating a strong - Not result of a vote must emerge causal link between smoking and lung cancer through epidemiological studies, clinical trials, organically can take many decades and biological evidence. Convergence Book Definition: Ex: Research on the effects of early childhood education The coming together of different pieces of converges from various areas: evidence on the same topic. 1. Cognitive Development: Studies show that - Requires multiple studies produced children who attend preschool tend to have better language skills and higher IQ scores. within the same discipline, no exact # 2. Social Development: Research indicates that - Variety of methods must have early education helps kids develop better social skills and emotional regulation. different methodological biases but 3. Academic Achievement: Long-term studies still converge on the same answer find that children who attend quality early - Relying on a variety of methods rules education programs tend to perform better in school. out biases 4. Economic Studies: Analyses show that investing in early childhood education leads to long-term economic benefits, such as higher lifetime earnings and reduced crime rates. Literature Review Book Definition: Ex: A scientific paper that describes and Literature review is a summary of existing research on a topic. summarizes reports of empirical research on a given topic. It is a method for Summarizes key findings from previous studies. identifying potential convergence of 1. Identifies gaps where more research is evidence on a given topic. needed. 2. Provides context to understand the topic. - Written by someone with expertise 3. Critiques past research to highlight - Expertise is more capable than the strengths and weaknesses. causal reader to be able to make 4. Justifies your own research by showing the connections between a single study need for it. and whole body of knowledge on the topic Negative Study Book Definition: Ex: An empirical study that finds no A study on the effectiveness of vitamin C in statistically significant relationship preventing the common cold found no between variables. significant difference in the incidence or severity of colds between people who took vitamin C supplements and those who did not. This study challenges the idea that vitamin C has a major impact on cold prevention, contradicting some earlier studies suggesting it may help. Publication Bias Book Definition: Ex: A fundamental problem with our method A study on the effectiveness of a new weight-loss drug might find that the drug is of creating the official record of scientific only mildly effective. inquiry such that studies the report the However, the study is not published because statistically significant findings are more the results are not exciting enough. likely to be published than studies that Meanwhile, studies that show the drug is report no statistically significant findings. highly effective are published, leading to an exaggerated belief in its effectiveness. This is an example of publication bias, where studies with positive or significant results are more likely to be published than those with negative or null results. Robust Book Definition: Ex: Reproducible and generalizable research A robust study on the effects of exercise finding. on heart health might involve a large - Means strong, reliable, and consistent. sample size, multiple different age - In research, it refers to studies with reliable results across different conditions or groups, and various exercise routines. It methods. consistently shows positive results in - Gves consistent findings, even when tested improving heart health across different in various settings or with different populations. populations and settings, making its - It indicates the results are not easily findings reliable and applicable in influenced by small changes or weakness diverse situations. 1. Traditional Literature Review Book Definition: Ex: One in which the expert author provides - The writer chooses what to include an overview on a given topic, but the - The best author: has true expertise, organization and the selection of studies for inclusion are not specified. explains history of research in a field, reviews evidence, arrives at an evidence based conclusion - The worst: cherry picking evidence to support a predetermined conclusion 2. Systematic Literature Review Book Definition: Ex: Describes the system by which reports of - Articles are selected on predetermined criteria and analyzed empirical research were identified and by predetermined standards chosen for inclusion, but the analysis is - Presented as a study itself but it is not somewhat subjective. It is generally original research…with sample, written using the same format as a report method, results, etc of original research , including a methods Strength : systematic nature eliminates section that treats individual scientific bias in selection and analysis of empirical studies as the unit of analysis evidence Limitation: not nearly as creative as traditional literature review, not useful for identifying nuance in a body of evidence 3. Meta-Analysis Book Definition: Ex: A type of literature review that includes a Strengths: systematic review but then also a novel - Overcomes problems of small or non statistical analysis of an aggression of the representative samples - Minimize confirmation bias data reported in previously published reports if empirical research. Limitations: - Requires a large body of reports Example: A meta-analysis finds that exercise generally reduces depression, despite some studies showing no effect. CHAPTER 16 Advocacy Book Definition: Ex: Work toward making systematic change in A group of parents advocates for a formal organization structure. healthier school lunches by gathering research on nutrition and student performance. They present their findings to the school board, urging them to improve the quality of meals offered to students, highlighting the importance of nutrition for learning and well-being. Community Based Science Book Definition: Ex: Empirical research that takes place in an A local group works with researchers to applied setting in the community a place monitor air quality in their where professional care is being provided. neighborhood. Residents collect data on pollution levels, which is then analyzed by scientists to study the effects of air quality on health in that community. This collaboration helps address local concerns and contributes to scientific knowledge. Evidence Based Practice Book Definition: Ex: The use of research to shape one’s In healthcare, evidence-based practice professional work and answer specific involves using the best available research questions that arise in the course of the to guide clinical decisions. For example, a job. It is a habit of finding answers to nurse treating a patient with chronic pain empirical questions as the foundation of might use research-based guidelines to professional practice. administer medication, incorporate physical therapy, and suggest lifestyle changes. The nurse combines the latest studies on pain management with patient preferences to provide the most effective and personalized care. Incomplete Evidence - Sometimes consensus has not yet Ex: been established A study on the effects of a new drug only - Professionals need to act on includes data from a small, specific group incomplete evidence of participants (e.g., only men aged 20-30) - This is why it is essential to and does not consider other factors like understand the limitations of age, gender, or pre-existing health research evidence if there is only conditions. This leads to incomplete one or two studies remember: evidence, as it does not represent the broader population who might use the Sampling bias drug. Measurement bias