Chapter 14&15 Readings PDF

Andropause is the decrease in testosterone levels in an aging male Sperm + seminal fluid = semen Seminal vesicles produce muscle contractions to help move sperm Prostate gland produces alkaline buffer Gamete is the reproductive cell Spermatogenesis, OOgenesis, and making gametes are all examples of...

Andropause is the decrease in testosterone levels in an aging male Sperm + seminal fluid = semen Seminal vesicles produce muscle contractions to help move sperm Prostate gland produces alkaline buffer Gamete is the reproductive cell Spermatogenesis, OOgenesis, and making gametes are all examples of Meiosis Diploid cell- cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid cell- cell containing only one set of chromosomes (gametes) GNRH released by hypothalamus to regulate pituitary secretion of FSH and LH Inhibin- released by sertoli cells, suppresses production of FSH OOcytes are premature eggs CORPUS LUTEUM Ruptured follicle, eggless follicle, endocrine tissue, produces female hormones, produces progesterone to prepare lining of uterus Flow phase ➜ Follicular phase ➜ Ovulatory phase ➜ Luteal phase All your mitochondria comes from your MOM Zygote is the diploid cell from the fusion of two pairs of 23 chromosomes Relaxin increases flexibility of pelvic ligaments during labor Chapter 14 Textbook Readings- Distinguish between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics. Primary sex characteristics are those that determine gender and are present at birth such as the vagina and uterus in females or the testes and penis in males.Secondary sex characteristics are those that begin to develop following puberty such as: pubic hair, breast development, widening of hips, and changed body shape in women. And facial hair, muscle development, pubic hair, deeper voice, etc in men. Using sentences, a graphic organizer, or a diagram, outline the relationship among the following structures: ductus deferens, epididymis, scrotum,seminiferous tubules, testes. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes within the seminiferous tubules which are a group of tubules which assist in the production and development of sperm. First within the testes spermagonia (2n=46) goes through its first mitotic division replicating itself into a primary spermatocyte (2n=46)➜ meiosis I occurs, dividing the chromosomes and resulting in secondary spermatocytes (n=23) ➜ meiosis II then occurs and each secondary spermatocyte replicates itself twice into spermatids each containing 23 chromosomes ➜ once this stage is complete and the sperm are fully developed; they become spermatozoa which then reside in the epididymis waiting to be ejaculated or reabsorbed. ➜If ejaculation occurs; the sperm will travel out of the testes through the vas (ductus) deferens wich transports the sperm towards the ejaculatory duct.➜ The scrotum is the pouch that holds the testes, allowing them to raise or drop according to temperature and keep the testes 2-3 degrees lower than the rest of the body. Distinguish between interstitial cells and Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells aka “nurse cells” support and nourish the sperm throughout its development. Interstitial cells lie between the spaces of the seminiferous tubules and function to secrete testosterone in response to LH from the pituitary gland Arrange the following structures into the order in which sperm passes through them: ductusdeferens; urethra; epididymis;seminiferous tubules; ejaculatory Duct. Seminiferous tubules ➜ epididymis ➜ ductus deferens ➜ ejaculatory duct ➜ urethra What is the significance of the acrosome of the sperm? The acrosome is the front cone like structure of the sperm which contains digestive enzymes to help the sperm burrow its way through the corona radiata and zona pellucida in attempts to fertilize the egg Name the glands that contribute fluids to semen, and list what each contributes. ​ The seminal vesicle accounts for 60% of semen by volume, it secrets fructose (fuels sperm) and other fluids that are then ejaculated ​ The prostate gland accounts for 30% of semen, its purpose is to make the semen more basic to counteract with the vaginas acidity ​ The bulbourethral gland produces excess mucus for lubrication of the urethra and also cleans it out In which part of the female reproductive system does fertilization take place? Fertilization takes place in the oviduct also known as the fallopian tubes. How does the path of an unfertilized ovum differ from the path of a fertilized ovum? An unfertilized ovum will degenerate after the period of viability, which will trigger the shedding of the endometrial lining and the menstrual cycle resets. However a fertilized ovum will undergo the processes of cleavage, eventually becoming a blastocyst which then burrows and hides within the uterus in preparation for embryonic development What is the endometrium? The endometrium is the lining of the uterus for implantation. It thickens during the menstrual cycle and sheds in menstruation What is menstruation Menstruation is the discharge of blood and fluid from the uterus. Occurs due to drop in estrogen and progesterone levels at the end of a monthly cycle Describe how HIV leads to sickness and death in people who have AIDS. HIV diminishes the infection fighting CD4 cells in the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections, illnesses, and diseases How is HIV transmitted? HIV is transmitted through the contact between bodily fluids such as vaginal or semen fluids, blood, breastmilk, etc Compare the transmission of hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis A is transmitted through stool, Hepatitis B is transmitted through bodily fluids, Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood List the most common symptoms of genital herpes infections. Pain, itching, painful ulcers that bleed or ooze, painful urination Why do physicians usually recommend that mothers who have genital herpes give birth by Cesarean section? To protect the child from contracting herpes from its mother People who have infections caused by human papilloma virus do not always show symptoms of the infection. Explain why this is potentially dangerous This is dangerous because it can spread and grow quicker within someone's body and they can transmit it to other people without knowing they have it therefore increasing the percentage in a population. Use a table to compare the causes and treatments for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis Gonorrhea and chlamydia are bacterial infections and are transmitted through vaginal oral or anal intercourse. Bacterial STIs can be treated with antibiotics What chromosome combination results in an offspring that is (a) genetically male and (b) genetically female? 23 chromosomes from each parent, 50/50 chance of either gender. Males containing XY chromosomes and females containing X chromosomes. If the egg receives another X chromosome (XX) then the baby will be female, and if the egg receives a Y chromosome (XY) the baby will be born male List five male sex hormones and briefly describe their significance. FSH, LH,Oestrogen(erectile and sperm function), Testosterone(arousal & sex cahracteristics), Prolactin (reproduction and mood) What is the role of GnRH, FSH, and LH in the development of the female reproductive system? FSH in the female reproductive system supports the development of a follicle (egg) during ovulation. LH triggers the release of the egg from the ovary, and GnRH regulates puberty, reproduction, and the menstrual cycle. What is the significance of the menstrual cycle? To produce a follicle and prepare for possible pregnancy Name the two stages of the ovarian cycle and briefly describe them. Follicular phase- developing and producing an egg Luteal phase- Produces essential hormones (estrogen and progesterone) What is the function of the corpus luteum? Secrete progesterone to maintain a environment​ within the uterus to make implantation possible Explain how the uterine cycle differs from the ovarian cycle Ovarian cycle governs the prep, development, and release of eggs, Uterine cycle governs the maintenance of the endometrial lining Chapter 15 Textbook Readings- How many chromosomes are there in a human egg once it has been fertilized? After an egg is fertilized, 46 chromosomes are present. 23 from mom and 23 from dad Why must the egg be fertilized within 12 to 24 hours of its release? Must be fertilized 12-24 hours after ovulation because otherwise it will degenerate and the body will reabsorb it Why do so few sperm arrive in the oviduct where the egg is? Because of the tough environments the sperm must face, most sperm die before they can reach the egg. The few sperm left are the few survivors of the treacherous environment Why is the first sperm that reaches the egg unlikely to be the sperm that enters and joins with it The egg is what determines which sperm is allowed access Explain what the process of cleavage is. Cleavage is the splitting of cells to identical cells with no growth How does a morula differ from a blastocyst? The morula is a solid mass of cells and the blastocyst is a hollow mass of cells consisting of an outer and inner layer From which group of cells, the trophoblast or the inner cell mass, does the embryo develop? The embryo develops from the inner cell mass. The trophoblast becomes the placenta Explain what implantation is. The process when digestive enzymes from the trophoblast allow the blastocyst to burrow itself into the endometrium and hide from the mothers immune system. What is hCG, and how long is it secreted? hCG is a hormone secreted by the trophoblast to hijack a women's menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy. And is most secreted during the first trimester What is the amniotic cavity, and where does it form? The sac between the embryo and amnion contains amniotic fluid. It forms around the developing embryo (closed sac) Name each of the three layers of the embryonic disk. Ectoderm- outer layer, becomes NS, teeth, skin, nails Mesoderm- middle layer, becomes blood, bone, blood vessels, heart, kidney, muscles, gonads, Endoderm- inner layer, becomes digestive system, resp, pancreas, bladder, liver Name the process that results in the formation of the primary germ layers. Gastrulation What is morphogenesis? The series of events of cells determining what they will become Explain how the development of the primary germ layers is related to differentiation. The germ layers allow for differentiation between what each cell will become What is neurulation? The second folding after gastrulation that allows for the development of spine, marks the beginning of organ formation Other than neurulation, identify two events that occur during the third week of development. Implantation, gastrulation Identify three events that occur during the fourth week of Development. Beginning of placenta, amniotic sac, Identify four events that occur between the fifth and eighth week and when they occur. Heart pulse-week5 Organs take shape-week8 Limb buds form-week6 Brain development-week7 At what point is the embryo termed a fetus? Beginning of second trimester Name the extraembryonic Membranes. Yolk sac, amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, allantois From which extra-embryonic membranes do the placenta and umbilical cord develop? Placenta from chorion Umbilical cord from allantois Summarize the role of the Placenta. Provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby Summarize the role of the umbilical cord. Transports oxygen blood towards the baby and waste and blood away from the baby What is the main difference between the embryonic and fetal periods of development? Embryonic period develops the structures and organs of the body Fetal period is where most growth and development occurs Identify three events or characteristics of fetal development during the second trimester. Limbs develop Organs develop Characteristics develop (hair,face,etc) Identify three events or characteristics of fetal development during the third trimester. Large amounts of fat Rapid growth Positioning for birth What are teratogens? Any agent that can be transmitted to the baby (alcohol, cigarettes, meds, antibiotics, etc) Give three examples of dangers that teratogens pose to the developing baby Can stop development during different stages of pregnancy, can harm babys brain development, can harm babys organs What hormones are involved during parturition (birth)? Oxytocin, lactin What is a Caesarean section? Surgical procedure to remove baby from uterus What is lactation? Process where breastmilk is produced Describe the role of oxytocin in lactation. Stimulates the production of lactin Give two reasons that a man might be infertilie or sterile, and identify two reproductive technologies that could help. Andropause, low sperm count, Ivf, sperm donor Give two reasons that a woman might be infertile or sterile, and identify two reproductive technologies that could help Uterine issues, ovarian issues Ivf, surrogacy What is the most effective method to avoid conceiving a child? abstinence Which technology for preventing conception also protects against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections? condoms