Chapter 13 - Lung PDF

Chapter 13 Lung  Overview Anatomy of the Lungs Atelectasis Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Pulmonary Infections Lung Tumors Paired thoracic cavity organs: Lungs – Visceral pleura covers each l...

Chapter 13 Lung  Overview Anatomy of the Lungs Atelectasis Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Pulmonary Infections Lung Tumors Paired thoracic cavity organs: Lungs – Visceral pleura covers each lung – Parietal pleura lines wall and forms distinct chamber for each lung – Pleural cavity filled with serous fluid Lobes divided by fissures: – Right lung three lobes – Left lung two lobes and cardiac notch – Each lobe supplied by secondary (lobar) bronchus – Bronchopulmonary segments, within lobe, are supplied by tertiary bronchi – Many smaller lobules are supplied by terminal bronchiole and respiratory bronchioles with alveoli  Bronchial Branching sequence of airways: Tree Trachea Primary Bronchi – Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi – Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles  Alveoli Alveolar sac consists of two or more cup- shaped alveoli sharing a common opening to an alveolar duct within lobule – Each lobule is wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contains lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, and a venule – Each alveolar sac is surrounded by pulmonary capillary Alveoli wall around air space in lung has different kinds of cells 1. Type I alveolar cells – simple squamous epithelium 2. Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) – rounded epithelial cells that secrete alveolar fluid with surfactant to inhibit alveolar collapse 3. Alveolar macrophages – remove dust and debris  Respiratory Membrane Site of gas exchange by diffusion – Oxygen and carbon dioxide – Between air space in lung and blood Four layers 1. Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells in alveolus wall 2. Epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar wall 3. Capillary basement membrane 4. Capillary endothelium Despite several layers, very thin to allow for rapid diffusion of gases  Bronchial Branching sequence of airways: Tree Trachea Primary Bronchi – Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi – Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles Structural changes associated with successive branching into lung: Mucous membrane: pseudostratified → ciliated simple columnar → simple cuboidal epithelium Cartilage: cartilage incomplete rings → plates → distal bronchioles Cartilage to muscle: amount of cartilage decreases as amount of smooth muscle increases  Atelectasis Atelectasis – the collapsing of part of all of the lung Hypoventilation Compression Airway obstruction Collapsed lung  Obstructive Lung Diseases Emphysema – abnormal inflation of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes Asthma – swelling and narrowing of airways, mucus production & accumulation Bronchiectasis – abnormal expansion of bronchial tubes as a result of infection, obstruction, or inflammation  Obstructive Lung Diseases Emphysema – abnormal inflation of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes Asthma – swelling and narrowing of airways, mucus production & accumulation Bronchiectasis – abnormal expansion of bronchial tubes as a result of infection, obstruction, or inflammation Emphysema  Obstructive Lung Diseases Emphysema – abnormal inflation of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes Asthma – swelling and narrowing of airways, mucus production & accumulation Bronchiectasis – abnormal expansion of bronchial tubes as a result of infection, obstruction, or inflammation Chronic Bronchitis  Obstructive Lung Diseases Emphysema – abnormal inflation of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes Asthma – swelling and narrowing of airways, mucus production & accumulation Bronchiectasis – abnormal expansion of bronchial tubes as a result of infection, obstruction, or inflammation 1 2 3  Obstructive Lung Diseases Emphysema – abnormal inflation of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes Asthma – swelling and narrowing of airways, mucus production & accumulation Bronchiectasis – abnormal expansion of bronchial tubes as a result of infection, obstruction, or inflammation Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Fibrosis Diseases – Granulomatous Disease – inability for phagocytes to eliminate microbial infection Pulmonary – damaged tissue, replaced with fibrotic tissue Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Fibrosis Diseases – Granulomatous Disease – inability for phagocytes to eliminate microbial infection Pulmonary – damaged tissue, replaced with fibrotic tissue Lymphocyte Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Fibrosis Diseases – Granulomatous Disease – inability for phagocytes to eliminate microbial infection Pulmonary – damaged tissue, replaced with fibrotic tissue Fibrotic Tissue  Pulmonary Infections Pneumonias – inflammation of the lungs as a result of bacterial or viral infection Bacterial Viral Fibrotic tissue as a result of pneumonia Bronchopneuomia – pneumonia impacting the bronchioles Lobar Pneumonia – pneumonia impacting the whole lobe Lobar Pneumonia  Pulmonary Infections Pneumonias – inflammation of the lungs as a result of bacterial or viral infection Bacterial Viral = Neutrophil = Neutrophil  Pulmonary Infections Pneumonias – inflammation of the lungs as a result of bacterial or viral infection Bacterial Viral Viral Pneumonia  Pulmonary Infections Tuberculosis – a contagious bacterial infection resulting in the growth of nodules in tissues, especially lung tissue Spectrum of Tuberculosis  Pulmonary Infections Tuberculosis – a contagious bacterial infection resulting in the growth of nodules in tissues, especially lung tissue  Pulmonary Infections Tuberculosis – a contagious bacterial infection resulting in the growth of nodules in tissues, especially lung tissue  Lung Tumors Carcinoma – malignant tumor of epithelial origin Adenocarcinoma – malignant tumor with origins of glandular epithelium X  Summary Anatomy of the Lungs Atelectasis Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases Pulmonary Infections Lung Tumors