Chapter 13 Biopsych PDF

MEN ARE MEN AND WOMEN ARE WOMEN PEPTIDE HORMONES- short chains of amino ASSUMPTION (MAMAWAWA) - the tendency to acids think about the femaleness and the maleness as PROTEIN HORMONES- long chains of amino discrete,...

MEN ARE MEN AND WOMEN ARE WOMEN PEPTIDE HORMONES- short chains of amino ASSUMPTION (MAMAWAWA) - the tendency to acids think about the femaleness and the maleness as PROTEIN HORMONES- long chains of amino discrete, mutually exclusive, opposite categories. acids It also leads one to assume that females have female sex hormones that give them female STEROID HORMONES- hormones that are bodies and make them do female things and that synthesized from cholesterol males have male sex hormones that give them male bodiesand make them do opposite “male ANDROGEN- the class of steroid hormones that things” includes testosterone (most common type of androgen) ESTROGEN - class of steroid hormones ENDOCRINE GLANDS- organs whose primary that are released in large amounts by the ovaries function appears to be release of hormones. (common: estradiol However, other organs(e.g. the stomach, liver, and intestine) and body fat also release )PROGESTINS - steroid hormones includes hormones. Ductless glands that release progesterone chemicals called hormones directly into the PROGESTERONE- most common progestin, circulatory system prepare uterus & breasts for pregnancy, role: EXOCRINE GLANDS- release their chemicals into sperm cell metabolism. ducts, which carry them to their targets, mostly ADRENAL CORTEX- the outer layer of each surface of body adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in GONADS- testes and ovaries response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones. It regulates theregulation COPULATION- sexual intercourse of glucose and salt levels in the blood. ZYGOTE- fertilized egg. It contains all of the PITUITARY GLAND- also known as the master necessary information for the typical growth of a gland because most of its hormones are tropic complete adult organism in the natural hormones. TROPIC HORMONES- function is to environment influence the release of hormones to the other glands (tropic means able to stimulate or change SEX CHROMOSOMES- contains genes that will something) determine the sex of the individual. (1 over 23 pairs of chromosomes) GONADOTROPIN- the pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the X CHROMOSOMES- two large sex chromosomes gonads. Travels to circulatory system to the Y-CHROMOSOME GENE ENCODE- 66 proteins gonads P X-CHROMOSOME GENE ENCODE- 615 proteins OSTERIOR PITUITARY- the part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of AMINO-ACID DERIVATIVES HORMONES- hypothalamic neurons. It develops from a small hormones that are synthesized in a few simple outgrowth of hypothalamic tissue that steps from an amino acid molecule (e.g. eventually comes to dangle from the epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla hypothalamus on the end of the pituitary stalk. and synthesized from tyrosine) PITUITARY STALK- the structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland ANTERIOR PITUITARY- the part of the pituitary gland that GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE- the tropic hormones; develops into the roof of the hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls mouth MENSTRUAL CYCLE- the hormone- the release of the two gonadotropic hormones regulated cycle in females of follicle growth, egg from the anterior pituitary release, buildup of the uterus lining, and FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE- the menstruation VASOPRESSIN- one of the two gonadotropic hormone that stimulates major peptide hormones of the posterior development of ovarian follicles pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus also called antidiuretic LUTEINIZING HORMONE- the gonadotropic hormone hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI- hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize PULSATILE HORMONE RELEASE- the typical hormones released by the posterior pituitary. pattern of hormone release: hormones are discharged several times per day in large surges OXYTOCIN- one of the two major peptide hormones of theposterior pituitary, which in HYPOTHALAMUS- releases gonadotropin females stimulates the contractions of the uterus releasing hormone during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI- hypothalamic PRIMORDIAL GONADS- each fetus, regardless of nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior its genetic sex, has the same pair of gonadal pituitary are synthesized structures during6 weeks after fertilization NEUROSECRETORY CELLS- neurons that release CORTEX- outer covering (female) hormones into general circulation MEDULLA- inner core than can be developed into HYPOTHALAMOPITUITARY PORTAL SYSTEM- the testes (male) vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary SRY GENE- a gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the production of sry protein PORTAL VEIN- vein that capillary network with another SRY PROTEIN- a protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to grow and develop RELEASING HORMONES - hormones that into a testis stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary RELEASE-INHIBITING INTERSEXED PERSON- a term used to refer to a HORMONES- hypothalamic hormones that person who is born with sexual anatomy that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior does not clearly fit into typical definitions of male pituitary and female sexual anatomy THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE- the WOLFFIAN SYSTEM- the embryonic precursor of hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the the male reproductive ducts (e.g. the seminal release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary vesicles, which hold the fluid in which sperm cells are ejaculated; and the vas deferens, through THYROTROPIN- the anterior pituitary hormone which the sperm cells travel to the seminal that stimulates the release of hormones from the vesicles) thyroid gland MULLERIAN SYSTEM- the embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts (e.g. uterus, which is the upper part of the vagina; and the fallopian pubertal growth spurt. The only anterior tubes, through which ova travel from the ovaries pituitary to the uterus) hormone that does not have a gland as primary MULLERIAN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE- the target. testicular hormone that causes the precursor of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE- an the female reproductive ducts (the Mullerian anterior pituitary system) to degenerate and the testes to descend hormone that triggers the release of adrenal SCROTUM- the sac that holds the male testes hormones outside the body cavity from the adrenal cortices OVARIECTOMY- removal of the ovaries ADRENAL HORMONES- initiate the maturation of ORCHIDECTOMY- removal of the testes (orchis the means testicle) genitals and the development of secondary sex GONADECTOMY- also known as castration. It is the surgicalremoval of gonads. characteristics GENITALS- external reproductive organs ANDROSTENEDIONE- the adrenal androgen that is GLANS- grows in either head of the penis or clitoris in female responsible for the growth of pubic hair and axillary hair in URETHRA- may fuse into male/enlarge into labia minora human females LATERAL BODIES- it may form the shaft of the PERINATAL- around the time of birth penis in the male or hood of the clitoris in female ENZYME- a protein that influences a biochemical LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS- it may form the reaction scrotum in male or labia majora in female without participating in it PUBERTY- transitional period between childhood and AROMATASE- an enzyme that promotes the conversion of adulthood during which fertility is achieved testosterone to estradiol SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS- body features, other AROMATIZATION- the chemical process by which than the reproductive organs, that distinguish testosterone is converted to estradiol males from AROMATIZATION HYPOTHESIS- the hypothesis females that the GROWTH HORMONE- the anterior pituitary brain is masculinized by estradiol that is hormone that produced from acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to perinatal testosterone through a process called produce the aromatization ALPHA FETOPROTEIN- a protein that is present in androgen receptors unresponsive and leads to the the blood of many mammals during the perinatal development of a female body period and ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME- most common that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding atypical to it form of sexual development; caused by MASCULINIZES- enhances or produces male congenital adrenal characteristics hyperplasia DEFEMINIZES- suppresses/disrupts female CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA- congenital characteristics deficiency in release of cortisol from the adrenal LORDOSIS- the arched-back, tail-to-the-side cortex, posture of w/c leads to the excessive release of adrenal female rodent sexual receptivity androgens FEMINIZES- enhances or produces female ABLATION PENIS-accidental destruction of penis characteristics in surgery DEMASCULINIZES- suppresses/disrupt male MASTECTOMY- surgical removal of breasts characteristics PHALLOPLASTY- surgical creation of penis INTROMISSION- penis insertion REPLACEMENT INJECTIONS- injections of a EJACULATION- ejection of sperm hormone PROCEPTIVE BEHAVIORS- behaviors that solicit whose natural release has been curtailed by the the sexual removal of advances of members of the other sex the gland that normally releases it SEXUAL DIMORPHISMS- instances where a IMPOTENT- unable to achieve an erection behavior (or STERILITY- inability to reproduce structure) comes in two distinct classes (male or female) FOLLICLE- ovarian structure in which eggs mature into which most individuals can be ESTRUS- period of 12 to 18 hours during which unambiguously the female assigned is fertile. the portion of the estrous cycle characterized by DYSLEXIA- reading difficulties proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME- results (estrus is a from a noun and estrous is an adjective) mutation to the androgen receptor gene that renders the ESTROUS CYCLE- the cycle of sexual receptivity COITUS- copulation displayed MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA- the area of the by many female mammals hypothalamus RECEPTIVE- likely to assume the lordosis when that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and mounted that plays a PROCEPTIVE- likely to engage behaviors that key role in the control of male sexual behavior serve to SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC NUCLEUS- the nucleus in attract the male the SEXUALLY ATTRACTIVE- smelling chemicals, medial preoptic area of rats that is larger in males attract males than in SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS- above natural females levels LATERAL TEGMENTAL FIELD- the medial preoptic ANABOLIC STEROIDS- steroid drugs similar to area testosterone appears to control male sexual behavior via a and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) tract that effects projects to an area of the midbrain TESTICULAR ATROPHY- wasting away of testes HETEROSEXUAL- sexually attracted to members GYNECOMASTIA- breast growth in males of the AMENORRHEA- cessation of menstruation other sex HIRSUTISM- excessive growth of body hair GAY- sexually attracted to members of the same sex CORTEX- mediates the most aspects of sexual experience BISEXUAL- an individual who is sexually attracted to HYPOTHALAMUS- plays a role in female sexual behavior; members of both sexes the medial preoptic area plays role in male sexual ASEXUAL- not sexually attracted to others behavior VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS- a hypothalamic AMYGDALA - plays a role in the identification of nucleus that is potential thought to be involved in female sexual behavior mating partners PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY- where influence of the VENTRAL STRIATUM - associated with the VMN on anticipation and the sexual behavior of female rats appear to be experience of sexual activity & pleasurable mediated activities KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME- the syndrome of DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE - androgen that can’t behavioral be changes that is induced in primates by bilateral aromatized damage to HORMONAL FEEDBACK - maintenance of stable the anterior lobes. blood GENDER IDENTITY- gender that a person most level of the hormones identifies REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS- hormone with: female, male, some combination of male release is and female, regulated by signals from the nervous system, neither female or male, or some other gender circulating category hormones, and from circulating non-hormonal FRATERNAL BIRTH ORDER EFFECT- the finding chemicals that the SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION - process by which probability of a male being attracted to other males and males females develop distinct reproductive anatomy increases as a function of the number of older DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES - brothers “organizational influencing the development of DIETHYLSTILBESTROL- synthetic estrogen anatomical, physiological, and behavioral MATERNAL IMMUNE HYPOTHESIS- the characteristics hypothesis that that differentiate the sexes mothers become progressively more immune to some ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES - triggering masculinizing hormone in their male fetuses; proposed to reproduction- related behavior in mature individuals explain the fraternal birth order effect TRANSSEXUALISM- when a person has a gender identity that is inconsistent with their anatomical sex SURGICAL SEXUAL ASSIGNMENT- surgery to change sex MASSA INTERMEDIA - connects the two lobes of the thalamus