Chapter 13 - 01 - Understand IoT Devices, Application Areas, and Communication Models - 03_ocred_fax_ocred.pdf

Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security IoT Technologies and Protocols...

Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security IoT Technologies and Protocols - | ] Short-range Medium-range Long-range Wireless Wireless Wireless Communication Communication Communication Q Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) OQ Ha-low Ha-Low O Low-power Wide-area Networking QQ Light-Fidelity Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) (Li-Fi) OQ LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced (LPWAN) (LPWAN) QO i O Near Field icati Communication (NFC) O 6LoWPAN o° LoRaWAN LoRaWAN QO QR Codes and Barcodes o Sigfox -. S Q quic OQO Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) o5 Neul [ QO Thread o ke Q Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Q wi-fi ,r S kf k I' Q Cellular Q Wi-Fi Direct ' Q z-wave Z-wave lI E D Q mart Q ZigBee == d Q NB-loT Q ANT IoT Technologies and Protocols (Cont’d) Wired IoT Application Communication 10T Operating Systoms Protocols Q Ethernet O windows 10 loT O ARM mbed 0S Q CoAP CoAr O Multimedia over Coax O Amazon FreeRTOS Q Zephyr Q Edge Alli M S SOCICH paChy (MO QO Contiki O Nucleus RTOS a twmam wwmam Q Ppower-line power-line. h) Communication (PLC) Q Fuchsia O NuttX RTOS Q Physical Web Web Q RiOT rioT QO Integrity RTOS Q xmep xmpp Q Ubuntu uUbuntu Core Q Mihini/M3DA IoT Technologies and Protocols The loT IoT includes a wide range of new technologies and skills. The challenge in the loT IoT space is the immaturity of technologies with associated services, and that of the vendors providing them. This poses a key challenge for the organizations exploiting the loT. For successful communication between two endpoints, |oT 10T primarily implements standard and networking protocols. Module 13 Page 1561 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security The major communication technologies and protocols with respect to the range between a source and the destination are as follows: Short-Range Wireless Communication Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): BLE or Bluetooth Smart is a wireless personal area network. This technology is designed to be applied in various sectors such as healthcare, security, entertainment, and fitness. Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi): Li-Fi is like Wi-Fi with only two differences: the mode of communication and the speed. Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system that uses common household light bulbs for data transfer at a very high speed of 224 Gbps. Near-Field Communication (NFC): NFC is a type of short-range communication that uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between two electronic devices. It is primarily used in contactless mobile payment, social networking, and the identification of documents or other products. QR Codes and Barcodes: These codes are machine-readable tags that contain information about the product or item to which they are attached. A quick response code, or QR code, is a two-dimensional code that stores product information and can be scanned using smartphones, whereas a barcode comes in both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) forms of code. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID stores data in tags that are read using electromagnetic fields. RFID is used in many sectors including industrial, offices, companies, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, livestock, and pets. Thread: A thread is an IPv6-based networking protocol for loT devices. Its main purpose is home automation so that the devices can communicate with each other on local wireless networks. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a technology that is widely used in wireless local area networking (LAN). At present, the most common Wi-Fi standard that is used in homes or companies is 802.11n, which offers a maximum speed of 600 Mbps and a range of approximately 50 m. Wi-Fi Direct: This is used for peer-to-peer communication without the need for a wireless access point. Wi-Fi direct devices start communication only after deciding which device will act as an access point. Z-Wave: Z-Wave is a low-power, short-range communication designed primarily for home automation. It provides a simple and reliable way to wirelessly monitor and control household devices like HVAC, thermostats, garages, home cinemas, etc. Zig-Bee: This is another short-range communication protocol based on the IEEE 203.15.4 standard. Zig-Bee is used in devices that transfer data infrequently at a low rate in a restricted area and within a range of 10-100 m. Module 13 Page 1562 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security ANT: Adaptive Network Topology (ANT) is a multicast wireless sensor network technology mainly used for short-range communication between devices related to sports and fitness sensors. Medium-Range Wireless Communication Halow: This is another variant of the Wi-Fi standard; it provides an extended range, making it useful for communications in rural areas. It offers low data rates, thus reducing the power and cost of transmission. LTE-Advanced: LTE-Advanced is a standard for mobile communication that provides enhancement to LTE, focusing on providing higher capacity in terms of data rate, extended range, efficiency, and performance. 6LOWPAN: IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoOWPAN) is an Internet protocol used for communication between smaller and low-power devices with limited processing capacity, such as various loT devices. QUIC: Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUICs) are multiplexed connections between IoT devices over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP); they provide security equivalent to SSL/TLS. Long-Range Wireless Communication LPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Networking (LPWAN) is a wireless telecommunication network, designed to provide long-range communications between two endpoints. Available LPWAN protocols and technologies include the following: o LoRaWAN: A Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is used to support applications such as mobile, industrial machine-to-machine, and secure two-way communications for 10T devices, smart cities, and healthcare applications. o Sigfox: This is used in devices that have short battery life and need to transfer a limited amount of data. o Neul: This is used in a tiny part of the TV white space spectrum to deliver high- quality, high-power, high-coverage, and low-cost networks. Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT): VSAT is a communication protocol that is used for data transfer using small dish antennas for both broadband and narrowband data. Cellular: Cellular is a type of communication protocol that is used for communication over a longer distance. It is used to send high-quality data but with the drawbacks of being expensive and having high power consumption. MQTT: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is an I1SO standard lightweight protocol used to transmit messages for long-range wireless communication. It helps in establishing connections to remote locations, for example via satellite links. NB-loT: Narrowband loT (NB-loT) is a variant of LoRaWAN and Sigfox that uses more enhanced physical layer technology and the spectrum used for machine-to-machine communication. Module 13 Page 1563 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security Wired Communication Ethernet: Ethernet is the most commonly used type of network protocol today. It is a type of LAN (Local Area Network) that consists of a wired connection between computers in a small building, office, or campus. Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA): MoCA is a type of network protocol that provides high-definition videos and related content to homes over existing coaxial cables. Power-Line Communication (PLC): This is a type of protocol that uses electrical wires to transmit power and data from one endpoint to another. PLC is required for applications in different areas such as home automation, industrial devices, and broadband over power lines (BPL). loT Operating Systems loT devices consist of both hardware and software components. Hardware components include end devices and gateways, whereas software components include operating systems. Due to an increase in the production of hardware components (gateways, sensor nodes, etc.), traditional loT devices that previously used to run without an OS started adopting new OS implementations specifically programmed for 10T devices. These operating systems provide the devices with connectivity, usability, and interoperability. Given below are some of the operating systems used by loT devices: Windows 10 loT: This is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft for embedded systems. Amazon FreeRTOS: This is a free open-source OS used in 10T microcontrollers that makes low-power, battery-operated edge devices easy to deploy, secure, connect, and manage. Contiki: This is used in low-power wireless devices such as street lighting, sound monitoring systems, etc. Fuchsia: This is an open-source OS developed by Google for various platforms, such as embedded systems, smartphones, tablets, etc. RIOT: This has fewer resource requirements and uses energy efficiently. It has the ability to run on embedded systems, actuator boards, sensors, etc. Ubuntu Core: Also known as Snappy, this is used in robots, drones, edge gateways, etc. ARM mbed OS: This is mostly used for low-powered devices such as wearable devices. Zephyr: This is used in low-power and resource-constrained devices. Nucleus RTOS: Primarily used in aerospace, medical, and industrial applications. NuttX RTOS: This is an open-source OS primarily developed to support 8-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers of embedded systems. Module 13 Page 1564 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Gouncil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam 212-82 loT and OT Security Integrity RTOS: Primarily used in the aerospace or defense, industrial, automotive, and medical sectors. Brillo: This is an Android-based embedded OS used in low-end devices such as thermostats. Apache Mynewt: This supports devices that work on the BLE protocol. loT Application Protocols CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a web transfer protocol used to transfer messages between constrained nodes and loT networks. This protocol is mainly used for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such as building automation and smart energy. Edge: Edge computing helps the 10T environment to move computational processing to the edge of the network, allowing smart devices and gateways to perform tasks and services from the cloud end. Moving computational services to the edge of the network improves content caching, delivery, storage, and management of the loT. LWM2M: Lightweight Machine-to-Machine (LWM2M) is an application-layer communication protocol used for application-level communication between loT devices; it is used for loT device management. Physical Web: Physical Web is a technology used to enable faster and seamless interaction with nearby |oT devices. It reveals the list of URLs being broadcast by nearby devices with BLE beacons. XMPP: eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open technology for real-time communication used for IoT devices. This technology is used for developing interoperable devices, applications, and services for the loT environment. Mihini/M3DA: Mihini/M3DA is a software used for communication between an M2M server and applications running on an embedded gateway. It allows loT applications to exchange data and commands with an M2M server. Module 13 Page 1565 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.