Personality Disorders Chapter 12 PDF

 PERSONALITY It is all the characteristic ways of how a person thinks and behaves. PERSONALITY DISORDERS PERSONALITY DISORDERS These are persistent patterns of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others an...

 PERSONALITY It is all the characteristic ways of how a person thinks and behaves. PERSONALITY DISORDERS PERSONALITY DISORDERS These are persistent patterns of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships (APA, 2013). PERSONALITY DISORDERS CLUSTER A: DISORDERS CHARACERIZED BY ODD OR ECCENTRIC BEHAVIORS CLUSTER B: DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, OR ERRATIC BEHAVIORS CLUSTER C: DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL BEHAVIORS PERSONALITY DISORDERS CLUSTER A: DISORDERS CHARACERIZED BY ODD OR ECCENTRIC BEHAVIORS Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder It is a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts Causes: The use of projection Mental Schemas: e.g., Other people have hidden motives Treatment: Psychotherapy Schizoid Personality Disorder It is a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts Causes: It is associated with a cold & emotionally impoverished childhood lacking in empathy Schizotypal Personality Disorder It is a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior Causes: Genetic link between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Therapies: Interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral approaches PERSONALITY DISORDERS CLUSTER B: DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, OR ERRATIC BEHAVIORS Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder It is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following: They are often described as being aggressive because they take what they want, indifferent to the concerns of other people. Causes: Genetic link Low cortical arousal Low BIS activation Environmental factors Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with BPD show an enduring pattern of volatile emotional reactions or dysfunctional moods, interpersonal problems, poor coping skills, & cognitive distortions. It is the most commonly diagnosed personality disorder in both inpatient and outpatient settings They often engage in behaviors that are suicidal, self-mutilative, or both, cutting, burning, or punching themselves. Approximately 9/10 patients with borderline personality disorder achieve remission in the decade after seeking treatment Causes Abnormalities in brain areas responsible for mood regulation Dysfunctional or distorted beliefs Early experiences of abuse Histrionic Personality Disorder Individuals with HPD tend to be overly dramatic and often seem almost to be acting, which is why the term histrionic, which means theatrical in manner, is used. They are inclined to express their emotions in an exaggerated fashion They are often seductive in appearance and behavior, and they are typically concerned about their looks. Cognitive style: Impressionistic Causes and Treatment Interaction between biological and environmental factors Psychodynamic Therapies: Reduction in the cravings for attention Cognitive-behavioral therapy focus on changing irrational cognitions such as: “I should be the center of attention”. Narcissistic Personality Disorder It is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Thinking: different from others and deserving of special treatment. They have an unreasonable sense of self-importance. They are so preoccupied with themselves that they lack sensitivity and compassion for other people They also tend to use or exploit others for their own interests and show little empathy. Causes: Psychodynamic theorists Cognitive-behavioral theorists Sociocultural: Western (hedonism, individualism, competitiveness, and success) Treatment Extremely limited information PERSONALITY DISORDERS CLUSTER C: DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL BEHAVIORS Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder It is a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. They are extremely sensitive to the opinions of others. Low self-esteem + fear of rejection = limited in friendship They feel chronically rejected by others and are pessimistic about their future. Causes: They may be born with a difficult temperament Stravynski et al. (1989): Parental treatment Childhood experiences of neglect, isolation, and rejection Treatment: Behavioral intervention techniques for anxiety and social skills problems Dependent Personality Disorder It is a pervasive & excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation. They rely on others to make ordinary decisions as well as important ones, which results in an unreasonable fear of abandonment. Agreement with opposite decisions or opinions (Bornstein, 2012). Desire for strong relationships → submissiveness, timidity, & passivity Comparison between avoidant disorder & dependent PDs Disclaimer: Cultural differences Causes: Adverse life events: Early parental death; neglect or rejection Genetic influence Treatment: They are attentive and eager to give responsibility for their problems to the therapist. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder It is pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. They are fixated on doing things, “the right way” They are often afraid that what they do will be inadequate, so they procrastinate and excessively ruminate about important issues and minor details alike. Causes: Genetic influences Treatment: To attack the fears that seem to underlie the need for orderliness Therapists help the individual relax or use cognitive reappraisal techniques to reframe compulsive thoughts. END