Chapter 11- Motivation-sem 231.pptx

Chapter 11 What Drives Us: Hunger, Belonging, and Achievement PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers C. Nathan DeWall Twelfth Edition Chapter Overview  Basic Motivational Concepts  Hunger  Affiliation and Achievement Basic Motivational Concepts  Motivation: Need or desire that energizes and direct...

Chapter 11 What Drives Us: Hunger, Belonging, and Achievement PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers C. Nathan DeWall Twelfth Edition Chapter Overview  Basic Motivational Concepts  Hunger  Affiliation and Achievement Basic Motivational Concepts  Motivation: Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.  Four perspectives for understanding motivated behaviors:  Instinct theory (evolutionary perspective): Genetically predisposed behaviors  Drive-reduction theory: Responses to inner pushes  Arousal theory: Right levels of stimulation  Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Priority of some needs over others Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology  Darwin  Classification of many behaviors as instincts; named but did not explain behaviors  Instinct  Fixed, unlearned pattern throughout species  Genes predispose some species-typical behavior Same Motive, Different Wiring The more complex the nervous system, the more adaptable the organism. Both humans and weaverbirds satisfy their need for shelter in ways that reflect their inherited capacities. Drives and Incentives  Drive-reduction theory suggests physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.  Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; it involves the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry.  Incentive involves a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Drive-Reduction Theory  We have physiological needs.  Unmet needs create a drive.  That drive pushes us to reduce the need. Motivational Concepts  Arousal theory  Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels.  High arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will lower these levels.  Low arousal levels motivate activities that can increase arousal—often through curiosity.  Yerkes-Dodson law: Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. A Hierarchy of Needs  Maslow  Viewed human motives as pyramid  At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs. The Physiology of Hunger (part 1)  Humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain stable body weight.  Stomach contractions  Appetite hormones The Physiology of Hunger (part 2)  Glucose  The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues  Triggers the feeling of hunger when low  Hypothalamus and other brain structures  Arcuate nucleus: Pumps out appetite-suppressing hormones The Physiology of Hunger (part 3) The Appetite Hormones  Increase appetite:  Ghrelin: Secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.  Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.  Decrease appetite:  Insulin: Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.  Leptin: Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.  PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain. Situational Influences on Eating  Tempting situations  Friends and food: Presence of others amplifies natural behavior tendencies (social facilitation).  Serving size is significant: Quantity of consumed food is influenced by size of serving, dinnerware, and cultural norms.  Selections stimulate: Food variety stimulates eating. Waist Management  Begin only if you feel motivated and self-disciplined.  Exercise and get enough sleep.  Minimize exposure to tempting food cues.  Limit variety and eat healthy foods.  Reduce portion sizes.  Don’t starve all day and eat one big meal at night.  Beware of the binge.  Before eating with others, decide how much you want to eat.  Remember that most people occasionally lapse.  Connect to a support group. Affiliation and Achievement: The Need to Belong  Humans are still innately social beings.  The need to belong affects thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.  Feelings of love activate the brain reward and safety systems  Social isolation increases the risk for mental decline and poor health.  Affiliation need: The need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group Achievement Motivation  Achievement motivation: A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.  Achievements are not distributed like a bell curve and involve much more than raw ability.  Grit matters. In psychology, it involves passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.