Mental Health Disorders, Disabilities, and Delinquency

Chapter 10 Mental Health Disorders, Special Education Disabilities, and Delinquency - Mental health disorder (psychiatric disorder) : a diagnosis by a mental health professional of a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life - Special...

Chapter 10 Mental Health Disorders, Special Education Disabilities, and Delinquency - Mental health disorder (psychiatric disorder) : a diagnosis by a mental health professional of a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life - Special education disability: set forth by the individuals with disabilities in education act (IDEA) Child and adolescent mental health problems - Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) o Psychiatric classifica tion code used in the US to identify mental health problems and disorders - Prevalence rates o Number of existing cases in a defined population during a specified time period - Lifetime prevalence rate o Number of existing cases during the person’s life - Incidence rates o Number of new cases of a disorder in a defined population during a specified time period of observation - Most adult mental health difficulties begin in childhood and adolescence - Risk factors o Experiences, traits, or issues that make the outcome more li kely o Divided into individual, family, and neighborhood o Individual: gender, age, ethnicity, physical health,… o Family: lower parental education, lower economic and social class… o Neighborhood: trauma or violent events, lower income neighbors… - Prevalence Rates o Most do not suffer from any mental health symptoms or disorders o 9-17 with the greater impact o 75% does not receive adequate treatment or services - Behaviorally based disorders o Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): behavior based mental health disorder ▪ Last at least 6 month o Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): primarily impacting children who have attention problems ▪ Inattention focused ▪ Hyperactivity or impulsivity focused o Conduct disorder : children that includes severe acting out of physical aggression ▪ Repetitive ▪ Basic rights of others are violated - Anxiety disorders o Class of mental health problems that includes various diagnoses o Impact primary and secondary age equally ▪ Separation anxiety found in primary age ▪ Panic disorder, social phobia found in secondary age ▪ Difficult to control ▪ Show at least three symptoms - Depression o Major depressive disorder and related difficulties. Increase the risk for self -harm and suicide o More prevalent within white population than black ▪ Suffer at least two weeks ▪ At least five symptoms - Recent Epidemiology: National comorbidity study and national survey ono drug use and health o Study’s design was cross -sectional not longitudinal o The sample was evenly split across gender and ethnicity o Half of the population met at least one disorder over the lifetime o Most case, symptoms of anxiety emerged at age 6 o The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) ▪ Federal agency charged with improving the quality and availability of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation services for mental health and substance abuse problem s o A substance use disorder is a problem with alcohol or drugs - Cumulative and comorbid impact o Co -occurring disorder ▪ Coexistence of both a mental health problem and a substance use disorder o ADHD < -> Conduct disorder - From mental health problems to delinquency o Involvement with negative peers and criminal activity o Who are involved with mental health services have a higher r isk for later juvenile court involvement o Behavioral and emotional problems -> delinquency and substance abuse o Early aggressive behaviors -> delinquent behaviors o Attention and hyperactivity problems -> high -risk taking and offending behavior o Antisocial beha viors -> delinquent activities o Depression and ADHD -> physical aggression and stealing behaviors o Serious emotional difficulties ▪ Designation for young people who have ongoing mental health problems o Serious emotional disturbance ▪ Special education diagnosis that means a condition exhibiting over a long period of time o Bipolar disorder ▪ Mania ▪ Depression Mental Health and Trauma - Living in poverty also impacts mental health - Bullying and mental health o Bullying victims are at higher risk for using and abusing alcohol or drugs and for suffering from depression - Crossover (dually involved) youth and mental health o Crossover: youth who are involved simultaneously in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems o Risk for involvement in the adult criminal justice system is greater Juvenile incarceration: Today’s psychiatric asylums - Lack established policies and practices, sufficient mental health staff resources, or adequate training to work with a youthful offender with mental healt h problems - Psychotic Disorders o More severe and debilitating category of mental health disorders - Gender and Race o Females are at higher risk than males for mental health difficulties o Black males are less likely than females and white to receive mental health treatment once detained Disabilities Rights - 20 th century, recognition of certain groups and disability needs - Disability rights movement o 1970s federal legislation that recognized people with disabilities and afforded independence and opportunities in daily living and employment - People were limited due to environments - Section 504 o Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was the first law o Defined both physically and mentally o Only applies federally funded entities - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) o Addresses public accommodations, employment, transportation, telecommunication, and state and local government discrimination o Include all activities of state and local governments - Civil Rights of institutionalized Person Act o Does not confer addi tional rights on those with disabilities o Authorize the US attorney General to investigate conditions of confinement in institutions - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) o Protects their education and related rights o Individual behavioral assessm ents, transitional planning, school discipline within Individualized Education Programming (IEP) - Learning disabilities and serious emotional disturbance o A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using la nguage o Brain injury, dyslexia, perceptual disabilities, and etc. o Emotional disturbance - Identification o All youth residing in the US must be identified o Schools must locate kids with disabilities and determine which are receiving special education services - Individualized education plan o Specialized education plan that provides appropriate learning and school - environment accommodations for identified students o Meeting must include the child’s parents or guardians o They must be notified in advance o Must i nclude certain provisions - Due Process Protections o May be suspended for up to ten days o May be removed to an interim o 45 day alternative educational setting for carrying weapon o Parents and guardians are guaranteed additional rights under IDEA - Prevalence in Sc hool Populations o Are not common in the overall school population o Learning disabilities (most prevalent) o Emotional disturbance (least prevalent) - Why the Learning Disability Disparity? o School failure hypothesis ▪ School failure for students with learning disabilities is a precipitating step that leads eventually to juvenile court involvement ▪ Reasons • Academic difficulties • School dropout • Negative peers o Susceptibility hypothesis (감수성 가설 ) ▪ Students with learning disabilities have cognitive, neurological, and intellectual difficulties that contribute to delinquent behaviors o Differential treatment hypothesis (차등 처리 가설 ) ▪ Students with learning disabilities are no more involved with delinquent activities than their nondisabled peers, they are more likely to be identified by school personnel, arrested, and formally involved with juvenile courts ▪ Place responsibility not on the disabled individuals ▪