Chapter 1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease PDF

The Genome Non coding DNA promotor enhancerregions Bindingsitesthatorganisechromatinstructures regulatoryRNA Mobilegenetic elements transposons telomeres centromeres containingsatelliteDNA 1 SNVs 50 CNUs in noncodingDNA Histones...

The Genome Non coding DNA promotor enhancerregions Bindingsitesthatorganisechromatinstructures regulatoryRNA Mobilegenetic elements transposons telomeres centromeres containingsatelliteDNA 1 SNVs 50 CNUs in noncodingDNA Histones 1.47bplong wrapsaround nucleosomes histones heterochromatin transcriptionallyinactive euchromatin transcriptionallyactive unwound Chromatin writer complexes regulatehistone modifications marks Chromatineraser reverse theseeffects Histone methylation Lysinesarginines Histone acetylation Lysinesareacetylatedbyhistoneacetyltransferases thesetendtoopen upthechromatin Histone phosphorylation serines DNA methylation lead totranscriptionalsilencing Chromatin organisingfactors controlslongrangeloopingofDNA MicroRNA Long noncodingRNA miRNAs Inc R NAs miRNA module transcriptionof mRNA about6000gnes each canregulate multiple exons miRNA geneprimirnaiscutupintom anuresinglehandedmirnas2130marriesbyDicer proteinaggregate riseRiva w amain associate induced s ilencing complex minnaa ndtargetmRNAmates itwillc leavethemRNAposttranscriptionals ilencing if the small interfering siRNAs canbeintroduced syntheticallyto mimic miRNA function knockdown technology Potentialtherapeutic agtnotgem.ly Inc RNA may exceedmrna by 10or 20 fold nes multiplemechanisms ofgene expression modulation tochromatinstopRNApolymerasephysically bind XISTxinactivationinfemalesformsa cloakof inactivationonchromosomeit's e.g on sitting to RNApolymerase canpreemptivelyb ind converselycanhelpitbind geneactivationpromotions HistoneDNAmodifications may bedirectedbyInc RNAbinding canacta s to scaffolds thata ct stabiliseprotein complexes onchromatinsmicure Gene editing CRISPR Cassystem Crispra ssociatedgover bacteria usethissystemto sample DNAofpathogenandintegrateintoown genomes as CRISPRS whichare then transcribedinto guideRNAsequences whichdirect casa nucleasetotheexactsite of infecting agent we repurpose this usingartificial 20baseguide RNAs gRNAs thatbindCasa andare complementaryto a targeted DNAsequence Cellular Housekeeping Plasma membrane Fluid bilayer of amphipathicphospholipids asymmetrical with lipids preferentially associated with extracellularfaces lipid rafts of membrane enriched withcholesterol glycosphingolipids specialised domains intercellularproteinprotein interactions tightjunctions maintains cell polarity in epithelial cells extracellular surface decorated with carbohydrates glycocalyx ʰ ape mighty ih fubeigirqHappen.ly nfhiembptanhe.in aytim he.r eimPhainew pfi y aynÉn on geni Y.FIqare itif.aff a can be modified postt ranslationally prenyl groups fattyacidsGPI tails added membranetransport compared tooutside mine ne alipay.fi tgggiaiiiua inagi iiaet is endocytosispingates phagocytosis exocytosis Transcytosis reside II