Chapter 1. Quantities and Units.pdf

electronics fundamentals circuits, devices, and applications THOMAS L. FLOYD DAVID...

electronics fundamentals circuits, devices, and applications THOMAS L. FLOYD DAVID M. BUCHLA chapter 1 Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Scientific and Engineering Notation Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific and engineering notation. 47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation) = 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation) Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Scientific and Engineering Notation 0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation) = 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation) 0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation) = 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation) Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Metric Conversions Numbers in scientific notation can be entered in a scientific calculator using the EE key. Most scientific calculators can be placed in a mode that will automatically convert any decimal number entered into scientific notation or engineering notation. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Components Resistor a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric current. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Components Capacitor a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Components Inductor a component in an electric or electronic circuit which possesses inductance. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Components Transformer an apparatus for reducing or increasing the voltage of an alternating current. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Components Semiconductor A device that can be a conductor on certain conditions and insulator on another. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Equipments Multimeter an instrument designed to measure electric current, voltage, and usually resistance, typically over several ranges of value. Ammeter – measures current Voltmeter – measures voltage Ohmmeter – measures resistance Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Equipments Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Equipments Oscilloscope a device for viewing oscillations, as of electrical voltage or current, by a display on the screen of a cathode ray tube. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Quantities Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 SI Fundamental Units Quantity Unit Symbol Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Electric current Ampere A Temperature Kelvin K Luminous intensity Candela cd Amount of substance Mole mol Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Some Important Electrical Units Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit. Quantity Unit Symbol Current Ampere A Charge Coulomb C These derived units are Voltage Volt V based on fundamental units from the meter- Resistance Ohm W kilogram-second system, hence are called mks Power Watt W units. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Engineering Metric Prefixes P peta 1015 Can you T tera 1012 name the prefixes and G giga 109 their meaning? M mega 106 k kilo 103 Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Engineering Metric Prefixes m milli 10-3 Can you m micro 10-6 name the prefixes and n nano 10-9 their meaning? p pico 10-12 f femto 10-15 Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Metric Conversions When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit means the number must be larger. Smaller unit 0.47 MW = 470 kW Larger number Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Metric Conversions When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means the number must be smaller. Larger unit 10,000 pF = 0.01 mF Smaller number Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Metric Arithmetic When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first. 10,000 W + 22 kW = 10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W Alternatively, 10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Metric Arithmetic When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first. 200 mA + 1.0 mA = 200 mA + 1,000 mA = 1,200 mA Alternatively, 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Error, Accuracy, and Precision Experimental uncertainty is part of all measurements. Error is the difference between the true or best accepted value and the measured value. Accuracy is an indication of the range of error in a measurement. Precision is a measure of repeatability. } Error Precise, but not accurate. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Significant Digits When reporting a measured value, one uncertain digit may be retained but other uncertain digits should be discarded. Normally this is the same number of digits as in the original measurement. Assume two measured quantities are 10.54 and 3.92. If the larger is divided by the smaller, the answer is 2.69 because the answer has the same uncertainty as the original measurement. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Significant Digits Rules for determining if a reported digit is significant are: 1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. 2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant. 3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. 4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are significant. 5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may not be significant depending on the measurement. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. Example: 23.92 has four nonzero digits – they are all significant. 2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant. Example: 0.00276 has three zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit. There are only three significant digits. 3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. Example: 806 has three significant digits. 4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are significant. Example: 9.00 has three significant digits. 5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may not be significant depending on the measurement. Example: 4000 does not have a clear number of significant digits. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Rounding numbers Rounding is the process of discarding meaningless digits. Rules for rounding are: 1. If the digit dropped is greater than 5, increase the last retained digit by 1. 2. If the digit dropped is less than 5, do not change the last retained digit. 3. If the digit dropped is 5, increase the last retained digit if it makes it even, otherwise do not. This is called the "round-to-even" rule. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Utility voltages and GFIC Most laboratory equipment is connected to 120 Vrms at the outlet. Wiring to the outlets generally uses three insulated wires which are referred to as the “hot” (black or red wire), neutral (white wire), and safety ground (green wire). Neutral Hot Ground Notice that neutral is GFIC circuits can detect a difference larger than the hot line. in the hot and neutral current and trip a breaker. One outlet on the circuit will have reset and test buttons. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Safety Safety is always a concern with electrical circuits. Knowing the rules and maintaining a safe environment is everyone’s job. A few important safety suggestions are: Do not work alone, or when you are drowsy. Do not wear conductive jewelry. Know the potential hazards of the equipment you are working on; check equipment and power cords frequently. Avoid all contact with energized circuits; even low voltage circuits. Maintain a clean workspace. Know the location of power shutoff and fire extinguishers. Don’t have food or drinks in the laboratory or work area. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Electrical Safety Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Key Terms Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-, notation two-, or three-digit number times a power of ten with an exponent that is a multiple of three. Exponent The number to which a base is raised. Metric prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in numbers expressed in scientific or engineering notation. Power of ten A numerical representation consisting of a base of 10 and an exponent; the number 10 raised to a power. Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Key Terms Scientific A system for representing any number as a notation number between 1 and 10 times a power of ten. Accuracy An indication of the range of error in a measurement. Precision A measure of the repeatability (consistency) of a series of measurements. Significant A digit known to be correct in a number. digit Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.