Chapter 1 - Preliminary Concepts & Recent Trends PDF

Chapter 1 Preliminary Concepts and Recent Trends ▪ Lesson 1 – Basic Concepts in Assessment ▪ Lesson 2 – Factors Influencing Test Construction & Performance By: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR, LPT, MAEd Assessment serves as a roadmap for improving teaching and strengthening learni...

Chapter 1 Preliminary Concepts and Recent Trends ▪ Lesson 1 – Basic Concepts in Assessment ▪ Lesson 2 – Factors Influencing Test Construction & Performance By: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR, LPT, MAEd Assessment serves as a roadmap for improving teaching and strengthening learning. Assessment in learning generally focuses on principles, development, and utilization of assessment tools to improve the teaching- learning process. Assessment is not only confined to testing and grading, it goes beyond this matter. Assessment intends to develop and improve student learning not only finding out how students perform.  LESSON 1 Basic Concepts in Assessment The Concept of Assessment Assessment comes from the Latin word assidere which means “to sit beside”. The Concept of Assessment Assessment refers to the wide variety of methods that educators use to evaluate, measure, and document the academic readiness, learning progress, and skill acquisition of students from preschool through college and adulthood. The Concept of Assessment ⮚Allen (2004) suggested that assessment involves the use of empirical data on student learning to refine programs and improve student learning. ⮚Assessment plays a constant role in informing instruction, guiding students’ next steps, checking progress, and achievement. The Nature of Assessment ⮚Assessment involves students and teachers in continuous monitoring of students’ learning. ⮚Assessment gives students a measure of their progress as learners. ⮚Assessment provides opportunity for close observation of students in the learning process. The Nature of Assessment ⮚Assessment helps in collecting feedback on students’ learning and how students respond to the teaching approaches. ⮚Assessment impacts to self – esteem of students. Terms Closely Related to Assessment Terms Closely Related to Assessment 1 Testing Test – a formal and systematic instrument, usually paper and pencil, designed to assess quality, ability, skill, or knowledge of the students. ⮚ Examples are IQ Test, Mathematical Ability Test, Scientific Ability Test, Endurance Test Terms Closely Related to Assessment 1 Testing – refers to the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the test designed to get information about the extent of the performance of the students. Terms Closely Related to Assessment 2 Measurement – process of quantifying or assigning number to the individual’s intelligence, attitudes, values, and achievement of the students. - answers the question “how much?” Terms Closely Related to Assessment 2 Measurement Examples: - 23 correct answers out of 30 - Mae got 95% in the English Exam - Cath scored 88% in the Lab test in Biology Terms Closely Related to Assessment 3 Assessment – process of gathering evidence of students’ performance over a period of time. - answers the questions “Was the instruction effective?” and “Did the students achieve the intended learning outcome?” Terms Closely Related to Assessment 4 Evaluation – refers to the process of judging the quality of what is good and what is desirable. - To adopt, reject, or revise what has been evaluated is the outcome of evaluation. Terms Closely Related to Assessment Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He published an Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements which is basis in measurement and evaluation. Edward Lee Thorndike Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He developed questions that focused on attention, memory, and problem-solving skills led to the development of the Binet Scale (Intelligence Test). Alfred Binet Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He developed Pearson-Product Moment Coefficient Correlation and worked on the idea of regression. Karl Pearson Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He is considered as the Father of Mental Testing. James McKeen Cattell Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He is known as the Father of Experimental Psychology. ▪ He was the first to establish the first Wilhelm Wundth laboratory in the world. Personages in Assessment Contributions ▪ He is the originator of the questionnaire method. ▪ He invented statistical and experimental methods and suggested a graphical method of representing correlation. Francis Galton Purposes of Assessment 1. Assessment for progress. ✔ Providing students with feedback on how they are going. ✔ Helping students improve their performance. ✔ Identifying students’ strengths and weaknesses. Purposes of Assessment 2. Assessment for certification. ✔ Making judgment on students’ level of performance. ✔ Providing students’ achievement ✔ Grading Purposes of Assessment 3. Protect Academic Standards. ✔ Certifying students’ necessary knowledge and skills to be awarded a qualification. ✔ Guaranteeing the credibility of qualifications and academic reputation of the school/institution. Purposes of Assessment 4. Feedback for Teaching. ✔ The results may help the teacher to alter the teaching approach suited to the students needs. ✔ The results may provide information to curriculum revisions and adjustments. Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 1. Assessment FOR Learning ▪ referred to as formative assessment wherein the assessment is given while the teacher is in the process of developing the student learning ▪ highlight each students’ strengths and weaknesses and provide them with feedback that will further their learning ▪ includes pre-test and posttest Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 1. Assessment FOR Learning Why pre-test? ▪ to determine students’ entry knowledge or skills Why posttest? ▪ to find out if the intended learning outcome has been attained Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 1. Assessment FOR Learning Examples: ▪ Short Quiz ▪ 1-minute paper ▪ Concept Map ▪ Exit/Entry Card ▪ Hand Signals Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 2. Assessment OF Learning ▪ designed to assist teachers in using evidence on student learning so as to assess student achievement ▪ it is summative in nature. It is given at the end of a unit, grading period or term in a semester ▪ meant to assess learning for grading purposes Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 2. Assessment OF Learning Examples: ▪ Summative Test ▪ Unit Test ▪ Chapter Test ▪ Examination ▪ Long Quiz Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning 3. Assessment AS Learning ▪ process of involving students in the learning process where they monitor their own progress ▪ students become aware of how they learn; setting their targets, actively monitoring it, and evaluate their own learning ▪ it is associated with self-assessment Assessment FOR, OF, AS Learning Kinds of Test 1 Placement Test Measures the learner’s prerequisite skills, degree of mastery of the course goals, and/or best modes of learning 2 Diagnostic Test Measures the weaknesses of an individual’s achievement in any given field that also serves as basis for remedial instructions. Kinds of Test 3 Personality Test Measures the ways in which individual’s interest with other individuals has ascribed to himself in the society. 4 Aptitude Test Predictive measure of a person’s likelihood benefited from instruction or experience in a given field. Kinds of Test 5 Prognostic Test Predicts how well a person is likely to do in a certain school subject or task. 6 Achievement Test Measures what has been learned by the students of the subject matter taught in the school. Kinds of Test 7 Non-standardized Test A type of test developed by the classroom teachers. 8 Standardized Test A type of test developed by test specialists. It is administered, scored, and interpreted using standard condition. Kinds of Test 9 Individual Test A type of test administered to student on a one-on-one basis using oral questioning. 10 Group Test A type of test administered to a group of individuals or students. Kinds of Test 11 Speed Test Designed to measure number of items an individual can complete over a certain period of time. 12 Power Test Designed to measure the level of performance rather than speed of response. It contains test items that are arranged according to increasing degree of difficulty. Kinds of Test 13 Formative Test An informal assessment of performance during instruction or formal assessment such as quiz, homework, or seatwork. 14 Summative Test Formal assessment of performance given at the end of a unit or at the end of a grading period to provide an overview of achievement of students.  LESSON 2 Factors Influencing Test Construction and Test Performance Factors Influencing Test Construction 1. Skills in Test Construction ▪ refers to the knowledge and ability of the teachers in constructing the test items ▪ teachers should fully know the principles in test construction to elicit valid results Factors Influencing Test Construction 2. Appropriateness of the Test The teacher should consider: ▪ what competency to be measured, ▪ the content areas to be included, and ▪ types of test to be employed Factors Influencing Test Construction 3. Test Quality This includes: ▪ construction of the test items ▪ complexity of the items ▪ length of the test ▪ arrangement of the items Factors Influencing Test Performance 1. Mental / Physical State ▪ students may experience temporary situational factors such as physical pain, emotional stress, illness, and sleep deprivation ▪ classroom conditions such as noise, temperature, and limited seating options can distract the students’ concentration Factors Influencing Test Performance 2. Degree of Test Anxiety ▪ test anxiety – the extent to which learners worry about themselves ▪ Test anxiety is exacerbated by self-doubts and adversarial attitude toward the test Factors Influencing Test Performance 3. Preparation ▪ includes quality of class notes, attendance, and accurate knowledge of what the test will cover ▪ If a student is less prepared, he/she will feel too anxious. Factors Influencing Test Performance 4. Study Skills ▪ array of skills which tackles the process of organizing and taking new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessment ▪ Developing good study habit is an important thing in taking a test. Factors Influencing Test Performance 5. Test Taking Skills ▪ includes the attitude of the students and how they approach in taking the test ▪ A student may know the content but still considered unprepared if he/she doesn’t know how to take an exam.