Human Anatomy, Chapter 1 PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 01 A First Look at Anatomy Human Anatomy SIXTH EDITION McKinley O’Loughlin Pennefather-O’Brien © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authoriz...

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 01 A First Look at Anatomy Human Anatomy SIXTH EDITION McKinley O’Loughlin Pennefather-O’Brien © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.  The Anatomic Position Just stand up and put your palms out Provides common reference Standing upright Feet parallel and on the floor Head level and looking forward Arms at sides Palms facing forward Thumbs pointing away from body Figure 1.4 (a) © McGraw Hill 2  Anatomic Position and Body Planes splits front and back splits top and bottom splits right and left Figure 1.5 (a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer; (b) ©CGinspiration/iStock/ Getty Images; (c) ©Trevor Lush/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (d) ©Roxana Wegner/ Getty Images © McGraw Hill 3 Sections and Planes Coronal plane (frontal plane) Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Transverse plane (cross-sectional plane, horizontal plane) Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts Midsagittal plane (median plane) Divides body into equal left and right halves Other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts Oblique planes Pass through specimen at an angle © McGraw Hill 4  Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from Planes of Section A single section may misrepresent the complete structure of the object These 2D images need to be mentally reconstructed into a 3D image of the small intestine Figure 1.6 © McGraw Hill 5  Anatomic Directions Give relative position of one body structure to another Common directional terms: Anterior (ventral, front) vs. posterior (dorsal, back) For example, The heart is posterior to the sternum Superior (toward head) vs. inferior (toward feet) Caudal (toward tail) vs. cranial (toward head) and rostral (toward nose) Medial (toward midline) vs. lateral (away from midline) Ipsilateral (same side) vs. contralateral (opposite side) Deep (internal) vs. superficial (external) Proximal (close to trunk) Middle vs. distal (far from trunk) of body © McGraw Hill 6  Directional Terms in Anatomy © McGraw Hill 7  Regional Anatomy Two main body regions: axial and appendicular Axial region Middle of the body Head, neck, and trunk Vertical axis of body Appendicular region Things hanging off of the trunk Upper and lower limbs Several more specific regional terms describe areas within these major subdivisions © McGraw Hill 8  Body Cavities Posterior aspect Cranial cavity: formed by skull bones BRAIN Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column SPINE Ventral cavity Contains two smaller cavities separated by diaphragm Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm (LOCATED ABOVE DIAPHRAGM) Abdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm; contains two cavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones Abdominal cavity: superior to pelvic brim Pelvic cavity: inferior to pelvic brim © McGraw Hill 9  Body Cavities Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 10  Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Ventral cavities are lined by serous membranes Divided into two continuous parts (layers): Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall Visceral layer: covers external surface of specific organs Between layers is serous cavity with serous fluid Reduces friction between moving organs © McGraw Hill 11  Membranes of Thoracic Cavity Median space in thoracic cavity = mediastinum Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major vessels Pericardium: serous membranes around heart Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium Pleura: serous membranes around lungs Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura © McGraw Hill 12  Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneum: serous membranes around many abdominal organs Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal cavity: potential space with serous fluid Visceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organs © McGraw Hill 13  Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Imaginary divisions to help accurately describe the locations of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity © McGraw Hill 14  Nine Abdominopelvic Regions Middle column: Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Right and left hypochondriac regions Right and left lumbar regions Right and left iliac regions Figure 1.11 (a) © McGraw Hill 15  Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant © McGraw Hill 16  Medical Imaging Procedures 1 Radiography X-rays passed through body, absorbed by dense areas (e.g., bone) that appear lighter in the film © McGraw Hill ©HT-Pix/Getty Images 17  Medical Imaging Procedures 2 Ultrasound VERY SAFE Ultrasound waves passed through body by transducer; receives signals from ultrasound waves reflecting off internal body structures © McGraw Hill ©flik47/iStock/Getty Images 18  Medical Imaging Procedures Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) Three-dimensional X-ray technique used to view blood vessels © McGraw Hill ©Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo 19  Medical Imaging Procedures Computed tomography (CT) TOMO- MEANS TO CUT Low-intensity X-rays passed through body from many angles; computer reconstructs three-dimensional image © McGraw Hill ©Callista Images/Image Source 20  Medical Imaging Procedures 5 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Use of electromagnet to affect position and energy of hydrogen atoms Energy release rates analyzed by computer to give image © McGraw Hill ©Julie Toy/Getty Images 21  Medical Imaging Procedures Positron emission tomography (PET) Radiolabeled glucose used to analyze metabolic state of a tissue/organ LIGHTING UP BECAUSE IT HAS ENERGY/ PICKING UP THE NURONS BULIDING ENERGY © McGraw Hill ©Hank Morgan/Science Source 22