CHAPTER 1 LESSON 1C PDF

C. Elements of Weather 1. Temperature 2. Atmospheric pressure 3. Wind 4. Humidity 5. Precipitation 6. Cloudiness https://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Atmosphere- features-v2-1-768x693.jpg  Temperatu...

C. Elements of Weather 1. Temperature 2. Atmospheric pressure 3. Wind 4. Humidity 5. Precipitation 6. Cloudiness https://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Atmosphere- features-v2-1-768x693.jpg  Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place, measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit. When the sun heats up the ground during the day, the air in contact with gets warmed up. As you move further away from the ground, the temperature begins to drop, hence the highland areas tend to be cooler than plains. Temperatures are also affected by proximity to large water bodies, mountains, and latitudinal positioning (Equator versus the Poles). https://mrgeogwagg.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/latitude- 2.jpg SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Specific heat (c) is defined by the amount of heat (Q) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (m) of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (∆T). 𝐐 c= 𝐦∆𝐓 Water has a higher heat capacity (4 186 J/kg°C) than soil (1810 J/kg°C) and sand (780 J/kg°C), so the ocean takes much longer to heat and to cool than the land. Coastal areas will generally have more moderate temperatures than inland areas because of the large heat capacity of the ocean. ASSIGNMENT 2 1. Look for the average temperature range of at least 5 cities each on the following regions: coastal and continental areas, areas near mountain ranges and on plains, areas on different latitudes 2. Compare the temperatures and make a generalization regarding the impacts on temperature of proximity to large water bodies, mountains, and latitudinal positioning. Follow the table format on the next slide.  Coastal Cities Continental Cities City Temperature Range City Temperature Range 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. Areas near mountain ranges Areas on plains City Temperature Range City Temperature Range 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. Areas on lower latitude (Equatorial) Areas on higher latitude City Temperature Range City Temperature Range 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5.  Atmospheric pressure is closely related to wind since wind is air moving from high to low pressure. The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind movement. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere (air) on the surface of the Earth. Low pressure occurs when the Sun heats up the land surface which warms the air in contact with it, exciting the air molecules to spread out and rise as the air parcel becomes lighter. If there is accompanying moisture in the air, then condensation will occur when air reaches a certain height and cools. Low pressure systems occur when there is a continuous feed of warm, moist rising air in an area. High pressure systems come about when usually cooler dense air sinks. This limits the development of showers so more stable conditions prevail.  As elevation increases, the number of molecules decreases and the density of air therefore is less, which means there is a decrease in air pressure. The standard unit for measuring barometric pressure is atmosphere (atm). In relation to the English system of measurement, one atmosphere (atm) equals 29.9213 inches of mercury (inHg). In both millibars (mb) and hectopascal (hPa), the standard pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb or hPa. How pressure changes affect the weather When the air is dry, cool, and pleasant, the barometer reading rises. In general, a rising barometer means improving weather. In general, a falling barometer means worsening weather. When atmospheric pressure drops suddenly, this usually indicates that a storm is on its way. When atmospheric pressure remains steady, there will likely be no immediate change in the weather. Measuring atmospheric pressure with a barometer A barometric reading over 30.20 inHg is generally considered high, and high pressure is associated with clear skies and calm weather. A barometric reading in the range of 29.80 and 30.20 inHg can be considered normal, and normal pressure is associated with steady weather. A barometric reading below 29.80 inHg is generally considered low, and low pressure is associated with warm air and rainstorms. https://www.shalom-education.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/image.png  Wind is air in motion. Air molecules tend to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure. Theoretically, cold dense air from the polar regions should blow towards the equator and fill the void where heat warms up the air and causes air molecules to rise and spread out. However, the spinning of the Earth exerts a force on these currents of air, making them deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is called the Coriolis Effect. Other factors affecting wind speed and direction are uneven heating of the Earth's surface, and the presence of mountains. Winds transport heat and coldness, moisture and dust for great distances and has a significant influence on weather conditions. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/airpressurewind-160216032635/75/air-pressure-wind-28-2048.jpg?cb=1666145613 Ferrel Cell https://png.pngtree.com/png- vector/20220607/ourmid/pngtree-world-directions- icon-compass-rose-png-image_4921203.png  DOLDRUMS The "doldrums" is a popular nautical term that refers to the belt around the Earth near the equator where sailing ships sometimes get stuck on windless waters. It is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a belt around the Earth that extends about five degrees north and south of the equator. In this area, the prevailing trade winds of the northern hemisphere blow to the southwest. This leads them to collide with the southern hemisphere’s driving northeast trade winds. There is often little to no wind here because air circulates in an upward direction due to the hot temperature.  Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/itcz-across-pacific-ocean.jpg?fit=820%2C614&ssl=1  There are three major global wind systems: 1. Trade Winds are wind belts that blow from 300 latitude to the equator. 2. Westerlies are wind belts found between 600 and 300 latitude that blow towards the poles. 3. Polar Easterlies are wind belts that extend from the poles to 300 latitude.  CORIOLIS EFFECT The rotation of the Earth on its axis deflects the atmosphere toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in curved paths. The deflection of the atmosphere sets up the complex global wind patterns which drive surface ocean currents. This deflection is called the Coriolis effect. It is named after the French mathematician Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) https://aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanserviceprod/education/tutorial_currents/media/coriolis_effect.gif  Humidity is the level of moisture in the air. The more water vapor in the air, the higher the humidity. If the humidity level exceeds the amount that the air can hold, then condensation takes place, forming dew if it is warm and frost if it is cold. At higher altitudes, clouds begin to form. Humidity varies with temperature. Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air. There are two types of humidity - relative humidity and absolute humidity.  ABSOLUTE vs. RELATIVE HUMIDITY Absolute humidity is the actual amount of water present in a given mass of air at a particular temperature. It is temperature independent and is affected by land and water distribution on earth and seasonal changes. It is expressed in g/cm3. Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere to the maximum amount of vapor the air can hold at that particular temperature. It is affected by geographic location and temperature. It is expressed in %.  Humidex (humidity index) is a measure of how intense and uncomfortable the heat can feel. In the summer, air temperature is higher and holds more water vapor, which raises the level of humidity. High humidity makes temperatures feel hotter because all the water vapor in the air makes it difficult for sweat to evaporate from the skin. The drier the air, the less it feels hot. The more humid the air, the more stifling the heat feels. https://sunsafetyatwork.ca/humidex  Precipitation can be rain, hail, drizzle, sleet snow, fog or mist. It is the collective term given to moisture that falls to the ground from the atmosphere. The water cycle moves water from the oceans to the air by heating, then to the land by precipitation, then back to the sea. Precipitation is generally caused by the condensation of vapors into bigger water droplets. Rainfall and snowfall are expressed as depth, either mm or cm. They are measured by a rain gauge and a snow gauge. https://biologyreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/types-of-precipitation.jpg DRIZZLE It falls in the form of water drops smaller (between 0.2-0.5 mm) than the size of raindrops. Low stratiform clouds and stratocumulus clouds produce drizzles. SNOW It results from deposition, a transition of water vapors directly into ice. At the ground level, snow requires a temperature near or less than 0 degrees Celsius. SLEET It forms when the raindrops pass through the air at subfreezing temperatures. First, the snowflakes travel through a warm layer of air and turn into raindrops. Then, raindrops move down toward a below-freezing layer of air at the earth’s surface. The liquid refreezes into ice pellets, called sleet. The temperature inversion first melts the snow and then refreezes it. So, sleets are just frozen raindrops. They fall as small, globose, clear ice pellets with a diameter of 5 mm or less. HAIL It occurs in the form of small ice balls called hailstones. Hail is associated with violent thunderstorms. Cumulonimbus clouds are responsible for producing hail. GRAUPEL It falls as a crisp, non-transparent rime balls of size 2-5 mm. It forms through riming, in which supercooled water droplets freeze on encounter with snow crystals at a temperature below 0°C. Graupel is different from hail in terms of formation and appearance. Unlike hail, graupel has a soft texture, small size, and falls typically during winter thunderstorms. https://images.slideplayer.com/14/4230582/slides/slide_13.jpg  RAIN is a type of precipitation that falls as water droplets over the ground. Many water droplets of size less than 0.5 mm collide and grow in size to produce a large drop (3 mm). This large drop has a flat bottom and an indented middle portion. Once the diameter of raindrops becomes 4-5 mm, they fall apart. The intensity and duration of rainfall are inversely related. High- intensity storms produce rain for a short course. Low-intensity storms produce rain for an extended period. Classification: Light rainfall occurs at an intensity of 2.5 mm/h. Moderate rainfall has an intensity of 2.5 – 7.5 mm/h. Heavy rainfall has an intensity of >7.5 mm/h. Rainfall Warnings 1 mm of rain refers to the "depth" of rain that would be received in 1 m². So 1 mm of rain translates to 1 liter of water in a single meter square https://pinoytekkie.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/pagasa-flood-warning-colors.jpg  A cloud is an assembly of tiny water and/or ice particles in the atmosphere above the Earth's surface. The individual cloud particles usually are too small to be resolved by the human eye unless they are magnified, therefore, clouds tend to appear as solid forms. Cloud differs from fog only by definition, since fogs are in contact with the Earth's surface. Cloudiness or cloud cover refers to the extent to which the atmosphere is covered by cloud and is estimated in fractions or percent. Overcast refers to near 100% cloudiness while clear refers to near 0% cloudiness. The term cloudiness most often describes the horizontal extent of clouds, including all cloud altitudes as viewed from a weather station on the Earth or a satellite in space. Measuring Cloudiness Okta is the unit of measurement of clouds, or rather a cloud amount or cover, as it is also called, which is a part of the sky covered by clouds in relation to an observer (weather station) at a certain point on land or at sea. Today in meteorology it is expressed mainly as a percentage. For example, if the sky is 100% covered by clouds, it is a totally cloudy day. If the cloud cover is 25% — the day is more clear than cloudy. The cloud cover of 0% means it is a clear day with no visible clouds at all. So it is also called the percentage of the cloud coverage of the sky. METAR METAR stands for Meteorological Aerodrome Report. These reports are also commonly called Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Reports or just Aviation Routine Weather reports. It is an observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format. METAR KGGG 161753Z AUTO 14021G26 3/4SM+ TSRA BR BKN008 OVC012CB 18/17 A2970 RMK PRESFR  Type of report—there are two types of METAR reports. The first is the routine METAR report that is transmitted every hour. The second is a special report, a SPECI, that can be given at any time to update the METAR for rapidly changing weather conditions, aircraft mishaps, or other critical information. Station identifier—a four-letter code as established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Date and time of report—depicted in a six-digit group (161753Z). The first two digits are the date, the 16th of the month, and the last four digits are the time of the METAR, which is always given in coordinated universal time (UTC), otherwise known as Zulu time.  Modifier—denotes that the METAR came from an automated source or that the report was corrected. If the notation is “AUTO”, the report came from an automated source. It also lists “AO1” or “AO2” in the remarks section to indicate the type of precipitation sensors employed at the automated station. When the modifier “COR” is used, it identifies a corrected report sent out to replace an earlier report that contained an error (for example: METAR KGGG 161753Z COR). Wind—reported with five numbers (14021), unless the speed is greater than 99 knots, in which case the wind is reported with six numbers. The first three numbers indicate the direction from which the wind is blowing to the nearest ten degrees in relation to TRUE North. If the wind is variable, then “VRB” will go after the numbers. The last two digits indicate the speed of the wind in knots. If the winds are gusting, the letter “G” follows the wind speed numbers, and then the numbers right after G indicate the highest expected wind gusts (example = G26).  Visibility—the prevailing visibility (3/4 SM) is reported in statute miles as denoted by the letters “SM.” It is reported in both miles and fractions of miles. In this case, ¾ of a mile. Weather—there are three parts to the weather section. The first is a qualifier of intensity. The intensity may be light (-), moderate ( ), or heavy (+). Then, if there’s any kind of weather phenomena that’s in the immediate vicinity of the airport, that’ll be shown. TS = thunderstorm RA = rain BR = mist HZ = haze SN = snow DZ = drizzle SHRA = rain showers FZRA = freezing rain  Sky condition—it tells what the cloud cover looks like. The first part is the height of the cloud base in hundreds of feet above ground. The second part is the height of overcast clouds (OVC). The last part is the type of cloud. CB = cumulonimbus CU = cumulus Temperature and dew point—the air temperature and dew point are always given in whole degrees Celsius (°C) and separated by a forward slash (/). Temperatures below 0°C are preceded by the letter “M” to indicate minus.  Altimeter setting—A2970 means that a manned aircraft pilot using an altimeter would set his or her altimeter pressure to 29.70 in. of Hg Remarks—the remarks section always begins with the letters “RMK.” Comments may or may not appear in this section of the METAR. The information contained in this section may include wind data, variable visibility, beginning and ending times of particular phenomenon, pressure information, and various other information deemed necessary. PRESFR means “pressure falling rapidly”. OCNL LTGICCG. This translates as occasional lightning in the clouds and from cloud to ground. Automated stations also use the remarks section to indicate the equipment needs maintenance. SLP = sea level pressure RAB = rain began  Report: METAR KLAX 221530Z 27010KT 10SM FEW020 SCT100 18/10 A3012 RMK AO2 SLP200 METAR is a routine weather observation KLAX is Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, CA 221530Z means the observation was taken on the 22nd of the month at 1530 UTC (or Z) 27010KT means the wind is from 270° true at 10 knots 10SM means the visibility is 10 statute miles FEW020 SCT100 means few clouds at 2,000 ft., scattered clouds at 10,000 ft. 18/10 means the temperature is 18°C and the dew point is 10°C A3012 means the altimeter setting is 30.12 in. of Hg RMK AO2 SLP200 means remarks: Automatic observation with precipitation discriminator, sea-level pressure 200 hundredths of an inch Mercury ASSIGNMENT 3 Report: METAR KORD 251200Z 35005KT 5SM -RA BR BKN015 OVC025 07/05 A2992 RMK AO2 SLP134 Report: METAR KATL 251800Z 31006KT 8SM BKN025 22/14 A2998 RMK AO2 SLP145 Report: METAR KSEA 161755Z 18012G22KT 10SM RA FEW025 BKN045 OVC080 15/12 A2985 RMK AO2 RAB15 PERFORMANCE TASK 1 Make a DIY rain gauge, barometer, and hygrometer. Look for YouTube videos for instructions, such as the one mentioned below. Your output will be rated based on durability, functionality, and aesthetics. Measure the weather parameters daily for 3 months. Write a weather analysis and submit outputs before the final exam. Record observations using the template to be given. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU9CsbAkRbc REFERENCES https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/what/what-is-meteorology https://www.whipplemuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore-whipple-collections/meteorology/what-meteorology https://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/education-resources/climate-vs-weather/ https://geodiode.com/climate/koppen-classification/ https://gpres.weebly.com/elements-of-weather-and-climate.html https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=918756332222839&id=231026157662530&set=a.2363594 63795866 https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/science-art-meteorology/ https://biologyreader.com/types-of-precipitation-in-hydrology.html https://www.maximum-inc.com/learning-center/what-is-atmospheric-pressure-and-how-is-it-measured/ Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph