Chapter 1-Introduction(1) (1).ppt

Introduction to Health Psychology Introduction Objectives To be able to define health psychology To Understand factors led to development of health psychology To know different health models What is Health? Illness/Wellness Continuum Health Psychology Concerned with the ways in which we, as indi...

Introduction to Health Psychology Introduction Objectives To be able to define health psychology To Understand factors led to development of health psychology To know different health models What is Health? Illness/Wellness Continuum Health Psychology Concerned with the ways in which we, as individuals, behave and interact with others in sickness and in health. What are the physiological bases of emotion? How do they relate to health and illness? What is stress? Can certain behaviours predispose us to particular illnesses? Can educational interventions prevent illnesses? What is Health Psychology? Study of social, behavioural, cognitive, and emotional factors that influence the: Maintenance of health Development of illness and disease Course of illness or disease Patient’s and family’s response to illness and disease Definition of health psychology. “The aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to… 1. “the promotion and maintenance of health”, 2. “the prevention and treatment of illness”, 3. “the identification of aetiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction”, 4. “the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.” (Matarazzo, 1982). When & How did Health Psychology begin? What Factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology? What Factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology? Models of Health: The Biomedical Model  Diseases come from outside the body and invade it, causing internal physical changes or  Diseases originate in the body as internal, involuntary physical changes.  Diseases are caused by chemical imbalances, bacteria, viruses or genetic pre-disposition.  Individuals are not responsible for their illnesses, which are from biological changes beyond their control. People who are ill are victims.  Treatment should consist of vaccination, surgery, chemotherapy or radio therapy, all of which aim to change the Biological Factors Genetics Physiology Gender Age Vulnerability to stress Immune system Nutrition Medications Models of Health Biopsychosocial Model Current dominant paradigm All conditions of health and disease have mental and social components Main focus = health (prevention not cure) Models of Health The Biopsychosocial Model  “ It would be more appropriate to call our healthcare systems disease care systems, as the primary aim is to treat or cure people, rather than promote health or prevent diseases” (Maes & Van Elderen, 1998).  Bio: genetic, viruses, bacterial, lesions, structural defects, gender  Psycho: cognitions (e.g. expectations of health), emotions (e.g. fear of treatment), behaviour (e.g smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol consumption, stress, pain.  Social Norms of behaviour e.g. smoking/not smoking.  Pressures to change e.g. peer pressure, expectations, parental pressures.  Social values placed on health.  Social class  Ethnicity/‫عرق‬  Employment  Gender expectations The Social aspect of the Biopsychosocial Model The Biopsychosocial Model from Factors and Systems Perspectives Psychological factors  Personality (characteristic ways of thinking and feeling  Self-efficacy, beliefs (cognition)  Personal control  Optimistic/‫ل‬I‫فاؤ‬III‫ ت‬bias  Social support  Stress  Coping skills  Diet  Risky behaviors  Adherence/ ‫م‬I‫لتزا‬I‫ال‬I‫ ا‬to medical advice  Pain  Emotional (feelings) Sociological factors Poverty Ethnic background Cultural beliefs Racism Living with chronic illness Key Beliefs that inform the Biopsychosocial Model Key Beliefs that inform the Biopsychosocial Model Beliefs predict unhealthy behavioursFor example, smoking, alcohol consumption and high fat diets are related to beliefs and belief about health and illness can be used to predict behaviour. Understand the role of psychological factors in the experience of illness. For example, understanding the psychological consequences of illness could help alleviate pain, nausea, vomiting, anxiety and depression. Evaluate the role of psychological factors in the treatment of illness. Relation of health psychology to other health-related fields Medicine Psychosomatic Cardiology Oncology, etc. Health Education Nutrition Sociolog y Nutritio n Exercise Phys. Psychology Behavioural health Behavioural medicine Health Psychology Physiolo gy Recent developments in health psychology. Health promotion Psychological states and illness Cognitive factors Stress and illness Coping Social support Social factors: class and gender Pain Pain management Adherence to treatment