Chapter 1_ICO.pdf

CHAPTER 1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. NUR ADIB MASPO DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KICT LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer. 2. Present an overview of the evolution of computer technology from early digital...

CHAPTER 1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. NUR ADIB MASPO DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KICT LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer. 2. Present an overview of the evolution of computer technology from early digital computers to the latest microprocessor.  ORGANIZATION AND ARCHETECTURE CLASS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CONTENTS A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER DESIGNING THE PERFORMANCE  USER-PERSPACTIVE Mouse pad Speaker Computer Screen Key board  USER-PERSPACTIVE Camara Speaker Computer I/O Screen Microphone  USER-PERSPACTIVE Camara output Input Display Computer devices input Input Steering Padals wheel  USER-PERSPACTIVE Input/output devices used by computer to receive information (input) and provide information (Output) Users know that is a computer underneath these technologies but do not know the components that make them work This course will bridge the gap ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE COMPUTER COMPONENTS BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM MODEL Central Processing Unit (CPU) Receive send Load data to the memory read/write Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit ALU Cache Registers  Von Neumann Architecture Receive Control Unit send ALU Cache Registers Input Load data to the memory Output read/write Memory Unit Von Neumann Architecture (Modern Architectuire) Control Unit ALU Cache Registers Address Control Load data to the memory Data read/write Bus LDA 02 10011011 00 01 02 03 Data 04 05 06 07 Instruction Memory Unit  DEFINATION Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that a programmer needs to understand to write efficient software. This includes aspects that affect the logical behavior of the system. Computer architecture describes what the system will do and the features that are visible to the programmer. Organization refers to the implementation of the architecture, how the hardware components (e.g., control units, data paths, memory, I/O devices) are interconnected and work together to execute the instructions defined by the architecture. Computer organization describes how the system is built and how the hardware implements the architectural features.  ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS Key Components: Instruction Set: The set of commands a processor can execute (e.g., arithmetic operations, control operations). Addressing Modes: How instructions refer to memory locations or data. Data Types: The types of data the processor can work with (integers, floating-point numbers, etc.). I/O Mechanisms: How input/output devices interact with the processor and how the programmer accesses them. The blueprint or design of a system. It’s like deciding what the system will do? its capabilities, features, and functionality from a user’s or programmer’s viewpoint.  ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS Key Components: Control Signals: How signals are sent to different parts of the computer to control operations. Processor Design: How the CPU is built (e.g., pipelining, microcode, execution units). Memory Hierarchy: How different levels of memory (cache, RAM, storage) are organized for optimal performance. I/O Management: The physical interfaces and mechanisms by which input/output devices communicate with the system. The actual construction of the system. It’s like deciding how the components are physically arranged and interconnected to support the functions and behavior defined by the architecture. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION  Structure How the components of a computer system are organized and how they interact. Key Components: Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, which executes instructions. Memory: Where data and instructions are stored for use by the CPU. Input/Output (I/O): Devices that allow the computer to interact with the outside world (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer). System Interconnections: The communication pathways (like buses) that connect the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.  Function What each part of the computer does and how they work together to achieve a task. Key Functions: Data Processing: The CPU performs computations and manipulates data (e.g., performing arithmetic or logical operations). Data Storage: The system stores data temporarily (in RAM) or permanently (in hard drives or SSDs). Data Movement: Data is transferred between different components of the system, such as from memory to the CPU or from the CPU to a display device. Control: The CPU directs the operation of the entire system by controlling the flow of data and the execution of instructions.  Structure Vs Function Structure: Refers to the organization of the physical and logical components of the computer (CPU, memory, I/O, and interconnections) Function: Refers to the operations that the computer performs, such as processing data, storing information, and moving data between components.  COMPUTER EVOLUTION Computers have evolved from large, slow machines with vacuum tubes to small, powerful devices using microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, speed, cost, and usability.  COMPUTER EVOLUTION 1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum Tubes Early computers used vacuum tubes for processing. They were large, slow, and unreliable, consuming lots of power. ENIAC was a famous computer from this era, programmed by connecting wires. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer 2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more IBM 700 series reliable. They introduced the stored-program concept, where instructions and data were stored in memory. Computers like the IBM 700 series emerged, marking the start of more commercial use.  COMPUTER EVOLUTION 3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs) Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed multiple transistors on one chip, boosting speed and efficiency. Computers got smaller, cheaper, and more powerful. Minicomputers like the DEC PDP series became popular, and computers started supporting multiprogramming (running several tasks at once). 4. Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors Microprocessors (CPUs on a single chip) revolutionized computers. This led to the development of personal computers (PCs) like the Apple II and IBM PC. Technology advances (e.g., VLSI - packing millions of transistors on a chip) made transistors on a chip computers faster and more affordable.  COMPUTER EVOLUTION Current Trends: Cloud computing and distributed systems allow computers to work together over networks. Quantum computing is an emerging field that could bring even greater changes in the future.  DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE Designing for performance involves techniques like pipelining, using cache memory, multicore processors, and instruction-level parallelism to speed up the execution of tasks and handle more operations simultaneously. These strategies make computers faster and more efficient.  DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE 1. Pipelining: What is it? Breaking down tasks into smaller steps and executing them in stages. How it helps ? Multiple instructions can be worked on simultaneously, increasing speed. It’s like an assembly line where different stages of instruction processing happen at the same time. 2. Cache Memory: What it is? A small, fast memory located near the CPU that stores frequently used data. How it helps? By keeping commonly accessed data close, the CPU can get it faster, reducing the time spent waiting for data from slower memory (like RAM).  DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE 3. Multicore Processors: What it is? A processor with multiple cores (essentially multiple smaller CPUs) on a single chip. How it helps? By allowing the computer to run several tasks at the same time (parallel processing), improving overall performance for multitasking or complex applications. 4. Memory Hierarchy: What it is? Organizing memory in layers, from fast but small memory (like cache) to slower but larger memory (like hard drives). How it helps? The system uses faster memory for immediate tasks and slower memory for larger storage, ensuring a balance between speed and capacity. 5. Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP): What it is? Executing multiple instructions in parallel within a single processor. How it helps? This boosts performance by making better use of the processor’s resources, handling more work at the same time.  DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE Signle Core vas Multicore Processors Intel Pentium 4 (early 2000s): An example of a single-core processor that could only perform one task at a time. Intel Core i7 (Quad-Core): An example of a multi-core processor that can handle multiple tasks in parallel, offering better performance for modern computing needs.  DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE Memory Hieracy CPU RAM  SUMMARY Computer Components Computer Architecture and Organization Sructure and Function Computer Evolution Designing the performnace THANK YOU! Weekly Study Refection