Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Disease Summer 2024 PDF

1/31/25 1 Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Disease Dr. Kelly Goebel DNP, ACNP-BC FGCU BSN Nursing 2 Definitions of Health World Health Organization (WHO)- 1948 3 Healthy People 2030 Social Determinants of Health 1. Economic Stability 2. Education Access and Quality...

1/31/25 1 Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Disease Dr. Kelly Goebel DNP, ACNP-BC FGCU BSN Nursing 2 Definitions of Health World Health Organization (WHO)- 1948 3 Healthy People 2030 Social Determinants of Health 1. Economic Stability 2. Education Access and Quality 3. Healthcare Access and Quality 4. Neighborhood and Bult Environment 5. Social and Community Context 4 Pathophysiology Physiology is the study of body function Pathophysiology is the study of the body’s response to dysfunction or disease Disease has been defined as an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure Etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course 5 6 Aspects of the Disease Process 7 Etiologic Factors Causes of Disease/Risk Factors Biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses) 1 6 7 Causes of Disease/Risk Factors Biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses) Physical forces (e.g., trauma, burns, radiation) Chemical agents (e.g., poisons, alcohol) Nutritional excesses or deficits 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 How the History & Physical and Clinical Manifestations Inform the Nurse 15 Diagnosis- Designation as to the cause of the health problem Interpretation of diagnostic test results-> are they normal or abnormal? Example: Normal serum sodium level: 135-145 mEq Abnormal serum sodium level: 150 mEq (Hypernatremia) Abnormal serum sodium level: 130 mEq (Hyponatremia) 16 Disease Diagnosis and Predictive Factors 17 Clinical Course The evolution of a disease 16 17 Clinical Course The evolution of a disease Acute: Severe, but self-limiting Sub-acute: intermediate or between acute and chronic (not as prolonged as chronic) Chronic: continuous, long-term process Subclinical: not clinically apparent (antibody testing) 18 Factors Derived by Using Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations How disease is spread How to control disease How to prevent disease How to eliminate disease 19 Health & Disease in Populations: Epidemiology 20 “M & M” Statistics that provide information about the functional effect Morbidity: describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life Concerned with the incidence, persistence, and long-term consequences of disease Mortality: pertains to the causes of death in a given population 21 22 Determination of Risk Factors 23 24 Natural History of a Disease Natural History 22 23 24 Natural History of a Disease Natural History The progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention Can be used as a predictor of outcome Prognosis The probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease (full recovery, possibility of complications, anticipated of survival time) 25 Preventing Disease 26 Three Levels of Disease Prevention Primary prevention: Removing risk factors so disease does not occur (Ex. Folic acid to pregnant patients, immunizations) Secondary prevention: Detecting disease early when still asymptomatic (Ex. Colonoscopy, pap smear) Tertiary prevention: Directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (Beta-blockers after a heart attack) 27 28 Evidence-Based Practice and Guidelines Evidence-based practice: Making decisions in healthcare based on scientific data. Prevents clinicians from practicing “their way” Clinical practice guidelines: Systematically developed statements intended to inform practitioners in making decisions Algorithms Written directives Combination of algorithms and written directives Clinical Expertise: Proficiency ad judgment that clinicians gain through clinical experience and clinical practice 29  Clinical Expertise: Proficiency ad judgment that clinicians gain through clinical experience and clinical practice 29