Chapter 1: Chemical Safety PDF

SUBJECT: CHE 10- General Chemistry for Engineers Chapter 1: Chemical Safety Table of Contents 1. Routes of Entry 2. Classification of Chemical Hazards 3. Storage and Handling of Chemicals 4. Hazard Control 5. Disposal of Chemicals CHAPTER I: CHEMICAL SAFE...

SUBJECT: CHE 10- General Chemistry for Engineers Chapter 1: Chemical Safety Table of Contents 1. Routes of Entry 2. Classification of Chemical Hazards 3. Storage and Handling of Chemicals 4. Hazard Control 5. Disposal of Chemicals CHAPTER I: CHEMICAL SAFETY Chemical Safety is a critical aspect of working in any environment where chemicals are used, handled, or stored. Understanding chemical safety ensures that individuals are protected from the potential hazards (potential source of harms) associated with chemical exposure. These hazards can lead to serios health issues, environmental damage, or even life-threatening situations if not properly managed. “Chemical safety is the practice of using occupational chemical substances in a manner that ensures the safety and health of humans and prevents damage to the environment. It covers all aspects of chemical use, including the manufacture, transport, use, and disposal of chemicals.” A Hazard is something that has the potential to harm you while Risk is the likelihood or probability of a hazard to cause harm. 1.1 Routes of Entry The potential health effects that may result from exposure to chemicals depends on a number of factors. These factors include the property of specific chemicals (including toxicity), the dose and concentration of the chemical, the route of exposure, duration of exposure, individual susceptibility, and any other effects resulting from the mixture with other chemicals. In order to understand how chemical hazards can affect you, it is important to first understand how chemicals can get into your body or the Routes of Entry and do damage. The four main routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion, injection and absorption through the skin and eyes. Figure 1.1.1: Routes of Entry Image Source: OSHAcademy, 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  A. INHALATION - Inhalation by breathing contaminated air is the most common way workplace chemicals enter the body causing health effects ranging from simple irritation to severe tissue destruction upon contact with tissue in the lungs B. INGESTION - Workplace chemicals may be swallowed accidentally if food or the hands are contaminated and eventually enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream they can cause damage to the organs. For this reason, workers are instructed not to drink, eat, or smoke in areas where they may be exposed to chemicals. C. ABSORPTION (SKIN AND EYE) - Getting chemicals onto the skin or eyes can result in redness and irritation all the way to severe destruction of tissue or blindness. D. INJECTION - May occur in injuries caused by a sharp object (needles, knives, etc.) contaminated with a toxic chemical and penetrate the skin. The toxic chemical then makes its way into the bloodstream where it can damage organs or other tissue. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS Once a toxic substance has contacted the body it may have either acute or chronic effects. Acute: immediate effect or a result to a high-level exposure over a short period of time, such as chemical burns caused by exposure to chemical spill. In acute exposure, the dose is delivered in a single event and absorption is rapid. Usually occurs at high concentration. Chronic: long term effect, usually involves low levels of exposure over a long period of time, example, lung cancer caused by Asbestos. Damage to health is mostly irreversible. In chronic exposure, the dose is delivered at some frequency (daily or weekly usually) over a period of time. Note: There are substances that may only cause harm if given acutely, they don’t have any effect in the long term. While some substances may not exhibit an effect in the short term, but may cause problems after prolonged exposure. 1.2 Classification of Chemicals HAZARD VS. RISK A hazard is an inherent (built-in) property of a material. Risk is the extent to which that material can cause harm. You can reduce or remove risks associated with a hazardous material, but you cannot remove the underlying hazard itself (unless you get rid of the hazardous material, of course). For example, gasoline is hazardous, but it does not have a significant risk provided that proper use and storage precautions have been taken. Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS Physical Hazards (16 types) - HCS 2012 defines a physical hazard as a chemical that is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: ▪ Explosives ▪ Pyrophoric Solids ▪ Flammable Gases ▪ Self-Heating Substances ▪ Flammable Aerosols ▪ Substances which, in contact ▪ Oxidizing Gases with water emit flammable gases ▪ Gases Under Pressure ▪ Oxidizing Liquids ▪ Flammable Liquids ▪ Oxidizing Solids ▪ Flammable Solids ▪ Organic Peroxides ▪ Self-Reactive Substances ▪ Corrosive to Metals ▪ Pyrophoric Liquids Chemical Hazards (10 types) - Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) 2012 defines health hazard as a chemical which is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: ▪ Acute Toxicity ▪ Reproductive Toxicology ▪ Skin Corrosion/Irritation ▪ Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Single ▪ Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation Exposure ▪ Respiratory or Skin Sensitization ▪ Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Repeated ▪ Germ Cell Mutagenicity Exposure ▪ Carcinogenicity ▪ Aspiration Toxicity Environmental Hazards (3 types) - Criteria for classifying chemicals have been developed for the following environmental hazard classes: ▪ Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment ▪ Acute aquatic toxicity ▪ Chronic aquatic toxicity o Bioaccumulation potential o Rapid degradability GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING OF CHEMICALS The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals also known as GHS, was developed by the United Nations as a way to bring into agreement the chemical regulations and standards of different countries. GHS includes criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, as well as specifying what information should be included on labels of hazardous chemicals as well as safety data sheets. Classification is a process used to determine if a chemical can cause harm to human health or safety. It involves the identification and evaluation of the physical properties of a chemical, along with its health effects. It Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng is the classification of a hazardous chemical that determines what information is communicated on the label and the safety data sheet (SDS). GHS Pictograms Symbol: Exploding Bomb Meaning: Explosives GHS01 Explosion, fire, blast or projection hazard. Classification: Physical Hazard Symbol: Flame Meaning Flammables GHS02 Flammable liquids, vapour, solids and gases; including self-heating and self-igniting substances. Classification: Physical Hazard Symbol: Flame Over Circle Meaning: Oxidizers GHS03 Oxidising liquids, solids and gases, may cause or intensify fire. Classification: Physical Hazard Symbol: Gas Cylinder Meaning: Compressed Gases GHS04 Gas under pressure Classification: Physical Hazard Symbol: Corrosion Meaning: Corrosives GHS05 Corrosive chemicals, may cause severe skin and eye damage and may be corrosive to metals Classification: Physical Hazard / Health Hazard Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Symbol: Skull and Crossbones Meaning: Acute Toxicity GHS06 Fatal or toxic if swallowed, inhaled or in contact with skin. Classification: Health Hazard Symbol: Exclamation Mark Meaning: Irritant GHS07 Low level toxicity. This includes respiratory, skin, and eye irritation, skin sensitizers and chemicals harmful if swallowed, inhaled or in contact with skin. Classification: Health Hazard Meaning: Health Hazard GHS08 Chronic health hazards; this includes aspiratory and respiratory hazards, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity. Classification: Health Hazard Symbol: Dead Tree and Fish Meaning: Environment GHS09 Hazardous to aquatic life and the environment. Classification: Environmental Hazard Figure 1.2.1: GHS Pictograms Image Source: GHS GHS Hazard Statement Hazard statements are standardized and assigned phrases that describe the hazard(s) as determined by hazard classification “Causes eye irritation” “Toxic if inhaled” “Flammable aerosol” “May cause cancer” “May cause respiratory irritation” “Harmful to aquatic life” Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Figure 1.2.2: GHS Hazard Statement Image Source: GHS GHS Signal Words GHS signal words on chemical labels are: Danger – for chemicals with more severe or significant hazards Warning – for chemicals with less severe hazards. Figure 1.2.3: GHS Signal Words Image Source: GHS GHS HAZARD COMMUNICATION (HAZCOM) Once a chemical has been classified, the hazard(s) must be communicated to target audiences Labels and Safety Data Sheets are the main tools for chemical hazard communication. There are 6 elements of a GHS label: o Product Identifier o Signal Word (Danger, Warning) o Hazard Statement (for each hazard class and category) o Pictogram(s) o Precautionary Statement (for each hazard class and category) Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  o Name, Address and Tele. # of chemical manufacturer Figure 1.2.4: GHS Label Sample Image Source: GHS Difference between MSDS and SDS MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) is now called an SDS (Safety Data Sheet). The transition from MSDS to SDS began in the early 2000s and has continued worldwide. The purpose of both MSDS and SDS documents remains unchanged and is to list the information pertaining to the occupational health and safety for the various uses of the substances and products. MSDS and SDS are where you go if you need more information on the product and what to do if there is exposure to the product or a spill. MSDS was the original system for providing information about the properties of chemical products. Whereas SDS is the updated system that conforms to GHS standards. In comparison to SDS, MSDS was less standardized and not globally recognized. MSDS (9-sections) Information that is currently required on a MSDS: 1. Identity used on the label 2. Physical & chemical characteristics 3. Physical hazards 4. Health hazards 5. Primary routes of entry 6. Exposure limits 7. Carcinogenic information 8. Safe handling 9. Control measures (PPE) 10. Emergency & First Aid procedures Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  11. Date of preparation 12. Chemical mfg. contact info SDS (16-sections) Information that is currently required on a SDS: 1. Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier 2. Hazards identification 3. Composition/information on ingredients 4. First aid measures 5. Firefighting measures 6. Accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls/personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties 10.Stability and reactivity 11.Toxicological information 12.Ecological information 13.Disposal considerations 14.Transport information 15.Regulatory information 16.Other information including information on preparation and revision of the SDS COMMON LABORATORY HAZARDS 1. FLAMMABLE HAZARDS Flammable Liquids These substances can be ignited at concentrations less that their lower flammable limits and at temperatures below their flash. Most flammable liquids are toxic, and some can penetrate intact skin. All flammable liquids are reducing agents. There are also strong oxidizing flammable liquids and solids (methyl, ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide) The Fire Triangle – 3 essential components for a fire to start Heat Source (Ignition Source) Oxygen Source Fuel Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Figure 1.2.1: Fire Triangle Image Source: Pinterest (Fire Triangle) Flash Points Flash Point – lowest temperature, at one atmosphere, at which a liquid gives off flammable vapor in sufficient quantity to ignite when mixed with air at or near the surface of the liquid on application of flame or spark. Note that many common organic liquids have a flash point below room temperature. o Benzene: -11 deg C o Acetone: -18 deg C o Diethyl ether: -45 deg C o Ethyl Alcohol: 11.1 deg C Ignition Temperature It is also called autoignition temperature It is defined as the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion independent of the heat source. The lower the ignition temperature, the greater the potential for a fire started by a typical laboratory equipment. o Carbon disulfide (90 deg C) – can be set off by a steam line or a glowing bulb o Diethyl ether (160 deg C) – can be ignited by hot plate. Causes of Ignition 1. Spontaneous Combustion Takes place when a substance reaches its ignition temperature without the application of heat. This possibility should always be considered especially when storing or disposing such substances: o Oily Rags o Dust Accumulations o Alkali Metals o Phosphorus 2. Ignition Sources Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Most obviously, Toch and Bunsen Burner are the most common ignition sources in the laboratory Electrically powered sources (i.e refrigerators, stirring motors, heat guns, microwave ovens) 3. Oxidants other than Oxygen Gases (Chlorine, Fluorine, Nitrous oxide, Ozone, Steam) Liquids (Bromides, Hydrogen Peroxide, Nitric, Perchloric, and Sulfuric acid) Solids (Bromates, Perchlorates, Chlorates, Chlorites, Hypochlorites, Chromates, Dichromates, Peroxide, Permanganates) 2. EXPLOSION HAZARDS Explosives Any chemical compound or mixture, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detonation, or other suitable initiation, undergoes, rapid chemical change, evolving large gases that exert pressure on the surrounding medium. Runaway Reactions Are reactions that result in sudden, rapid rise in temperature of the material that is being heated which may become violent. Such reactions must be carried out in isolated areas or with extra precautionary measures. Usually encountered during scaling-up a particular reaction. Explosion Hazards Since the explosion hazards cannot be determined for all reactions, it is important to note some generalizations to immediately know whether a reaction/reactant may pose explosion hazard The presence of the following functional groups should be considered when working with them. Functional Groups that pose Explosion Hazards Azide Diazo Group Ozone Tertiary Amine Nitro Group Peroxides Nitroso Group 3. TOXIC SUBSTANCES Chemicals in the laboratory have a broad spectrum of physical, chemical, and toxicological properties. Risk of toxic effects is related to both the extent of exposure and the inherent toxicity of the substance Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Toxic substance are hazardous substances that enters the body through different mechanisms. LD50 and LC50 One way of evaluating the acute toxicity of laboratory chemicals is by Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) OR Lethal Concentration (LC50) o LD50 – Lethal Dose 50 ▪ The amount of a chemical that when ingested, injected, or applied to the skin of a test animal under controlled laboratory condition kills one-half (50%) of the animals ▪ Usually expressed in milligrams or grams per kilogram of the body weight o LC50 – Lethal Concentration 50 ▪ The concentration of the chemical in air that will kill 50% of the test animals exposed to it. ▪ Usually expressed in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). Exposure Limits Indicates the maximum concentration in the air of a hazardous substance (gas, vapor, dust, mist, fume) to which nearly all workers (without PPE) can be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect. Can be expressed in three ways: 1. Time Weighted Average (TWA) Indicates the maximum average concentration to which workers can safely be exposed for a normal 8-hr workday or 48-hour workweek 2. Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) Indicates the maximum concentration to which workers can safely exposed for a period of up to 15 mins. STEL is higher than TWA. It may not be sustained more than four times a day. 3. Ceiling (C) Describes the concentration that may not be safely exceeded at any time, even for an instant. The C is higher than STEL. Toxic effects can be classified into: 1. Reversible Effects – In some cases, tissues have the capacity to repair toxic damage, so that the damage disappears following cessation of exposure. (e.g. recovery from burn) 2. Irreversible Effects – Effects that are persistent even after cessation of exposure. (e.g. Cancer) Types of Toxins 1. Irritants Noncorrosive chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects of living tissue. Via chemical action at the site of contact. Ex. Swelling and Redness of the tissue in contact are common signs. Example: Formaldehyde, Iodine, Benzoyl Chloride 2. Corrosive Substances Cause destruction of living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Acids and Bases Can be solids (sodium hydroxide, phenol), liquids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) or gases (Cl2). o Household Chemistry: Mixing Bleach and Vinegar release toxic Cl2 gas. 3. Allergens Substances that can cause chemical allergy. Allergy is an adverse reaction by the immune system to a chemical substance. Anaphylactic shock is a severe immediate allergic reaction that can result in death if not treated quickly. Example: Formaldehyde, Diazomethane, Phenol derivatives, Benzylic and Allylic Halides 4. Asphyxiants Substances that interfere with the transport of an adequate supply of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. Mode of action of some asphyxiants is that the oxygen in the air is being displaced to a concentration that is not suitable for breathing. Example: Carbon monoxide (CO) , Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 5. Carcinogens Substance capable of causing cancer. Some chemicals interact directly with DNA, genetic material in all cells. Example: Nicotine from Tobacco, Alcohol, Asbestos, Nitrosamines 6. Narcotics and Anesthetics Mainly affect the Central Nervous System (CNS) by inducing depressant effects Example: Methadone, Fentanyl, Vicodin 7. Mutagens Chemical agents that affect cells of the person upon exposure that may lead into cancer or undesirable mutation to take place on later generation. Example; 2-ethoxyethanol, mercury, bromine 8. Teratogens Agents that can cause birth defects upon exposure of a pregnant woman. Example: Lead, Mercury, Arsenic 9. Sensitizers Agents that cause allergic or allergic-like reactions Example: Formaldehyde, Nickel, Tin 1.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF CHEMICALS Proper storage and handling of chemicals are critical for ensuring safety in the laboratories, industrial settings, and even at home. The improper storage and handling of chemicals can result in a fire, explosion, or personal injury. STORAGE A. General Guidelines When Storing Chemicals Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Label all chemical containers appropriately to ensure that chemicals will be stored properly Store volatile toxic or odoriferous chemicals in a ventilated cabinet. Do not expose stored chemicals to heat or direct sunlight or any heat sources. Store flammable liquids in approved flammable-liquid storage cabinets. Keep exits, passageways, areas under tables or benches and emergency equipment areas free of stored equipment and materials. Avoid storing chemicals in laboratory hoods. Observe all precautions regarding the storage of incompatible chemicals. Never stack chemical containers on top of each other. Separate solids from liquids Do not place chemical containers directly on the floor. B. Compatible Storage Group There are lot of Compatibility Groups ranging from A-H, I-L, and X The idea is in terms of reactivity. Do not store in the cabinet what is relatively reactive to each other. The following hazard class hierarchy (based on DOT/GHS) is provided as a guide for prioritizing which hazard classes pose the greatest risks during storage. Pyrophoric Materials >> Explosives >> Organic Peroxides >> Flammable and Combustible Liquids >> Flammable Solids >> Inorganic Acids >> Inorganics Bases >> Organic Acids >> Organic Bases >> Oxidizers >> Highly Toxic >> Low Hazard C. Special Considerations in Chemical Storage The Special Consideration Groups includes certain chemicals that must have own designated cabinet, specific instruction such as storing away from water or moisture, etc. Each substance has its own rules of storage as well as it’s compatibility to other substances for group storage. Specific storage instructions are often obtained from the Safety Data Sheet. HANDLING When handling chemicals, the use of Personal Proper and Protective Equipment (PPPE) is essential to protect against potential hazards like spills, splashes, and inhalation of harmful substances. Appropriate eye protection, appropriate gloves, laboratory coats, clothes that cover one’s legs and arms, and closed-toe shoes must be worn Additional PPPE must be worn if indicated by the potential hazardous substance. For airborne chemicals, the best way to prevent or reduce exposure is through the use of ventilation systems, especially a chemical fume hood (CFH) More techniques of handling of chemicals may be obtained from Laboratory Guidelines and Manuals. Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Figure 1.3.1: Personal Proper Protective Equipment in the Lab Image Source: FC-BIOS 1.4 HAZARD CONTROL Proper management of chemical spills is crucial for ensuring safety in any environment where hazardous materials are present. An effective spill response minimizes the risk of injury, environmental damage, and potential legal liabilities. HIERARCHY OF CONTROL STRUCTURE 1. Eliminate Hazards and Risks Highest level of protection and most effective control Eliminating the hazards and the risk it creates is the most effective control measure 2. Reduce Risk a. Substitution – Substitute the risk with lesser risk. b. Isolation – Isolate people from the risk. c. Engineering Controls – Reduce the risks through engineering changes to systems of work. 3. Administrative Controls Low Level of protection and less reliable control. Use the administrative actions to minimize exposure to hazards and to reduce the level of harm. 4. Personal Proper Protective Equipment Lowest level of protection and least reliable control. Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Use of PPPE protects people from people – serves as final line of defense against hazards. Figure 1.4.1: Hierarchy of Controls Image Source: NIOSH NFPA HAZARD DIAMOND (NFPA 704 Hazard Signal) The NFPA 704 Diamond, commonly referred to as the NFPA Hazard Diamond, provides a system for identifying the specific hazards of a material and the severity of the hazard that would occur during an emergency response. The system addresses the health, flammability, instability, and special hazards presented from short-term, acute exposures that could occur as a result of a fire, spill, or similar emergency. Primary Concern: Fire-fighting Situations. Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Figure 1.4.2: NFPA 704 Diamond Image Source: NFPA Rating Label by SafetySign CHEMICAL SPILL General Considerations: All contaminated clothing must be removed immediately, and the skin washed with soap and water. Clean the spills as directed in the SDS Spills of specific type of chemicals: Acids- use calcinated absorbent products, such as Oil-Dri or Zorball Mercury – due to high toxicity of mercury vapor, spilled mercury should be immediately and thoroughly cleaned up using an aspirator bulb or vacuum device. Mercury filled into the floor cracks can be made nonvolatile by amalgamation with zinc dust. Alkali Metals – the spill should be smothered with powdered graphite or Met-L-X extinguisher and moved to a safe location where it can be disposed by reaction with long chain primary alcohol (n-butyl alcohol). Sodium potassium (NaK) present even greater hazards that sodium or potassium alone. White/Yellow Phosphorous – a spill of this substance should be blanketed with wet sand or wet absorbent and disposed of by controlled burning outdoors, best consult regulations. 1.5 DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS Waste A material that should no longer be used and it is time to discard it. Materials that is nit wanted, unusable remains, or by-products of a process/activity. Hazardous Watse Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Materials or by-products of a process that are already unstable and has of no importance that that poses threat to health and environment. A. Types of Hazardous Wastes Industrial Wastes: Covers all kinds of hazardous wastes generated out of industrial processes and unit operations of industrial plants. Infectious Wastes: Health care wastes suspected to contain pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi) in sufficient quantity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. Special Wastes: Household hazardous wastes which include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, batteries, oils, and tires. Classification of hazardous wastes: o Latex/Adhesives/Organic o Wastes with Cyanide o Sludge o Acid Wastes o Organic Wastes o Alkali Wastes o Oils o Wastes with Inorganic Chemicals o Containers o Reactive Chemical Wastes o Stabilized Wastes o Inks/Dyes/Pigments/Resins B. Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes Ignitability – “ignitable” are substances which can create fire under certain condition, including but not limited to the following: liquids such as solvents that readily catch fire and friction-sensitive substances. Corrosivity – “corrosives” are substances, whether liquid or solid, that cause visible destruction or irreversible alteration in human skin tissue at the site of contact, or a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum. Reactivity – “reactive” are substance that: ▪ Are unstable under normal conditions and readily undergo violent change without detonating. ▪ React violently with water and create spontaneously explosive mixtures like toxic gases, vapors, and fumes. ▪ Are capable of detonating. Toxicity – “toxic” are substances, which when inhaled or ingested or if it penetrated the skin, may involve acute or chronic health risks including, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, on humans or other life forms. C. Classification of Laboratory Chemical Wastes Guidelines for the proper classification of hazardous wastes can be found in the DAO 2013- 22: Revised Procedures and Standards for Management of Hazardous Waste (Revised DAO 2004-36) D. Storing Chemical Waste a. Appropriate containers per type of wastes – Certain types of hazardous wastes requires an appropriate type of container to prevent leakage and undesirable reactions that may occur between the container and the contents 1. Primary Containers Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  Screw caps or tight lids are required No parafilm or foil for seals Open only when adding wastes No leaks when inverted No rusts or leaks For solids: sealable plastic bags can be used 2. Secondary Containers Required for all wastes except immobile solids (gloves, large chunks of material and gas cylinders) For solids: boxers and containers with lids For liquids: tubs, barrels and trays Container Type Content Polyethylene drums Acids and Bases Metal drums Flammable, Solvents, Paints Fiber drums Granular materials b. Waste Storage Room Room must be divided in 8 parts Each area must be separated by a 1-meter distance yanide and peroxide wastes are incompatible with acids so it must be stored in the area for other chemicals classification (B) Figure 1.5.1: Waste Storage Room Layout c. Provisions For Proper Drum Handling and Storage Store drums in upright position on pallets and stack no more drums high Raise drums on pallets or similar structures to allow passage of water and air circulation Check all drums for leaks Store filled drums on their side and should not be stacked If drums are to be stored horizontally in racks, provide support for the entire length of the drum Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng  d. Storage Time Limits – the maximum hazardous waste accumulation time is one year, except from wastes that have no existing infrastructure for proper treatment and disposal. E. Labelling of Hazardous Waste – hazardous waste generated in the laboratory should be labeled properly based on their hazards; pictograms are also used to determine the hazards posed by the chemical waste; these pictograms are also called “transport” pictograms. Generator Category Registration Storage and labelling Storage time limit Manifest system Large Yes Yes 6 months Yes Medium Yes Yes 1 year Yes Small Yes Yes 1 year Yes Prepared by: Engr. Ralph Lawrence R. Queddeng