Chapter 1 Anatomy PDF

Chapter 1\ I. Form and Functions\ o Anatomy -- structure and location of body parts\ o Physiology-the function of the body part\ Topics of Anatomy\ o Gross Anatomy -- Large visible structure\ ♣ Regional anatomy, system anatomy\ o Microscopic Anatomy -- small structures\ ♣ Cytology, histology\ o De...

Chapter 1\ I. Form and Functions\ o Anatomy -- structure and location of body parts\ o Physiology-the function of the body part\ Topics of Anatomy\ o Gross Anatomy -- Large visible structure\ ♣ Regional anatomy, system anatomy\ o Microscopic Anatomy -- small structures\ ♣ Cytology, histology\ o Developmental anatomy -- development throughout life\ Topics of Physiology\ o Based on organ systems function\ o Seen on cellular or molecular level\ ♣ Chemical reactions or movement of molecules\ Complementarity of structure and function\ o Anatomy and physiology inseparable\ o To know one is to know the other\ o Structure reflects function = principle of complementarity of structure\ and Function\ II. Structural Organization\ o Chemical level: atoms, molecules and organelles\ o Cellular level: single cell, building block of life\ o Tissue level: group of similar cells\ o Organ level: group of tissue\ o Organ system: organs working to complete same goal\ o Organismal level: all organ systems working together\ ♣ 11 systems in total\ III. Requirements for Life (8 in total)\ Necessary Life Functions\ o Maintaining Boundaries -- separation between internal and external\ structure\ ♣ Cellular level -- plasma membranes ♣ Organismal level -- skin and cavities\ o Movement\ ♣ Muscular system, cardiovascular, digestion\ o Responsiveness -- ability to respond to stimuli\ ♣ Nervous system, reflexes\ o Digestion -- breakdown of foodstuff and absorption\ o Metabolism -- all chemical reactions that occur in body\ ♣ Catabolic is to breakdown\ ♣ Anabolic is to buildup\ o Excretion -- removal of waste products\ ♣ Urea, carbon dioxide, feces\ o Reproduction\ ♣ Cellular - mitosis\ ♣ Organismal -- meiosis\ o Growth\ ♣ Human are multicellular\ ♣ Constantly replacing old cells\ ♣ Use organ systems as maintenance\ Survival needs\ o Nutrients -- chemicals for chemical reactions\ o Oxygen -- used in aerobic respiration\ o Water -- environment for all chemical reactions\ o Normal body temperature -- for chemical reactions\ o Appropriate atmospheric pressure -- needed for gas exchange\ IV. Homeostasis\ o Ability to maintain balance in constantly changing environment\ Three factors that control homeostasis\ o Receptor -- monitors environment, responds to stimuli\ Sends signal to control center\ o Control Center -- determines set point of stimulus\ Sends signal to effector\ o Effector -- produces an effect for the stimuli\ Either positive feedback or negative feedback\ Negative feedback\ o Most used type of feedback\ o Effector either shuts off or reduces original stimulus\ ♣ Thermostat of a/c\ ♣ Body temperature\ Positive feedback\ o Effector intensifies or speeds up original stimulus\ o Labor contractions and oxytocin\ V. Anatomical Terms\ o Standard Anatomical Position -- body erect, palms forward, thumbs\ away from body\ ♣ Use this position every time you reference the human body\ Regional terms\ o Axial -- center of body, head, neck and trunk\ o Appendicular -- limbs\ Body planes and sections\ o Sagittal plane -- vertical cut into left/right\ ♣ Perfect midline cut -- mid-sagittal plane\ ♣ Off-center cut -- parasagittal plane\ o Frontal (coronal) plane -- vertical cut into front/back\ o Transverse -- horizontal cut into superior/inferior\ o Oblique plane -- diagonal cut\ o Sections are cuts made from planes\ VI. Body Cavities and Membranes\ Dorsal Body Cavity -- protects the nervous system\ o Cranial cavity -- holds brain\ o Vertebral cavity -- holds spinal cord\ Ventral Body Cavity -- holds the internal organs\ o Thoracic cavity\ ♣ Pleural cavity -- holds lungs\ ♣ Mediastinum -- holds contains pericardial cavity, esophagus,\ trachea\ ♣ Pericardial cavity -- holds heart\ o Abdominopelvic\ ♣ Abdominal -- holds stomach, liver, spleen, intestines\ ♣ Pelvic -- bladder and reproductive organs\ Body cavity membranes\ o Serosa -- line double-layer membrane that covers organs\ ♣ Parietal -- layer on cavity wall\ ♣ Visceral -- layer on organ\ o Layers separated by fluid, helps with friction\ Naming Serosa\ o Names based on the organ\ ♣ Lung -- pleura\ ♣ Heart -- pericardium\ ♣ Abdominopelvic -- peritoneum\ o Other part of name comes from layer position\ ♣ Ex. Parietal pleura -- serosa on cavity containing the lungs\ ♣ Ex. Visceral pericardium -- serosa laying on the heart\ ♣ Ex. Visceral peritoneum -- serosa laying on abdominal organs\ Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions\ o 4 quadrants: Upper/lower, right/left\ o 9 regions: named based on structures within the region\ ♣ Umbilical -- belly button\ ♣ Hypochondriac -- below rib cartilage\ ♣ Epigastric -- above stomach\ ♣ Hypogastric -- below stomach\ ♣ Lumbar -- lumbar vertebrae\ ♣ Iliac -- ilium of pelvis\ Other body cavities\ o Nasal, mouth, ear, joints