Introduction to Biochemistry PDF

AN INTRODUCTIO N TO BIOCHEMISTR Y PH1333 BIOCHEMI STRY Biochemistry is the study of biological processes at a chemical level ISLAMIC INTEGRATION “Verily in the creation of the heavens and the earth and (in) the alternation of night and day there are indeed signs for men of understanding; Men who r...

AN INTRODUCTIO N TO BIOCHEMISTR Y PH1333 BIOCHEMI STRY Biochemistry is the study of biological processes at a chemical level ISLAMIC INTEGRATION “Verily in the creation of the heavens and the earth and (in) the alternation of night and day there are indeed signs for men of understanding; Men who remember Allah, standing, sitting, and lying down on their sides, and contemplate the creation of the heavens and the earth (with the thought) “Our Lord! Not for nothing have You created (all) this. Glory to You! Give us salvation from the suffering of the Biochemistry is a branch of medical science that seeks to describe the structure, organization and functions of living matter in molecular terms. BIOCHEMIST Why we study Biochemistry? RY = To describe and explain, in molecular terms, all chemical CHEMISTRY processes of living cells OF LIFE Structure-function relationships  Metabolism and Regulation Biochemists use physical and  Treatments for many metabolic diseases chemical principles  To unravel the complex chemical reactions to explain biology  Basis for practical advances in medicine, veterinary at the molecular medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. level.  Exciting new fields as molecular genetics and bioengineering.  Predict and control changes occurring in cells  Antibiotics to combat bacteria  Methods to boost industrial and agricultural productivity.  Relationship of biochemistry and medicine is a wide 2-way street. WHY  Biochemistry illuminate various aspects of health and disease BIOCHEMIST  Health and disease aspects open up new ways and eras of Biochemistry RY??  Biochemical research impacts nutrition and preventive medicines as most of the diseases have biochemical basis like  Abnormality in genes  Abnormality in proteins  Abnormality in chemical reactions/processes  Examples of disturbances in human biochemistry responsible for diseases include  Electrolyte imbalance  Defective nutrient ingestion or absorption  Hormonal imbalance  Toxic chemicals and biological agents  DNA based genetic disorders/mutations  To address these issues biochemical research in continued in the following discipline  Genetics  Cell biology  Immunology  Nutrition  Pharmacology  Pathology  The suffix “omes” and “omics” is used frequently to “OMICS” describe something big, and refers to a field of study in life sciences that focuses on large- scale data/information to address the objects of study of such fields to understand life.  “OMICS” field focus on comprehensive study of the structures and functions of the molecules with which each is concerned like  Genes _________ Genomics  Proteins ________ Proteomics  RNA ____________ Transcriptomics  Lipids __________ Lipidomic  Metabolism ______Metabolomics  Nutrition _________ Nutrigenomics  Study of response to medications as affected by individual genes _________ Pharmacogenomics HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY A Brief Description  IMPORTANT Biochemistry: History and TO KNOW Advancements Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus (1493-1541) - 1903, Carl Neuberg (German chemist): foundation of “Biochemistry = Chemistry of Life” chemotherapy 1937 Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Karl Wilhelm Scheele Medicine in 1953 for the discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle (1742-1786) - discovered the chemical composition of various drugs and the plant and animal materials Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) - Concept of oxidation, nature of animal respiration Also known as ‘father of modem biochemistry’ Inheritance/Evolution (1800s) Friedrich Wöhler (1800-  1928: Antibiotics  1953: Watson & Crick, Discovery of the DNA Double Helix …CONTINUED Friedrich Miescher (1844-  1955: Sanger- determination of insulin sequence 1895) - discovery of nucleic  1956: DNA Polymerase acids Claude Bernard (1813-  1970: Reverse transcriptase & Restriction enzymes 1878) - discovery of Liver glycogen and its relation to  1971: Eva Engvall and Peter Perlman, ELISA test using antibodies to seek blood sugar in health and out the presence of hormones or viruses disease  1980: Sanger & Gilbert- first sequencing DNA Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -  1989: Stephen P.A. Fodor and Microbiology, Concept of colleagues, Microarrays opened up the aerobic and anaerobic ability to analyze gene expression for the Soren Sorensen (1868- complete coding 1939) -Concept on pH  1990: Gene Therapy James D. Watson and  1993: Kary B. Mullis for the invention of the Francis Harry Compton PCR Crick - DNA molecule  1990-2003: Human Genome Project James B. Sumner (1887-  2012: CRISPR-Cas9 (Development of a method 1955) - Crystallized the for genome editing) enzyme urease BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS On the Basis of Thermodynamics and Chemical Changes Click icon to add picture NATURE OF BIOCHEMICAL 1 2 3 REACTIONS A biochemical reaction is the Catabolic transformation of Reactions one molecule to a Metabolism different molecule Anabolic inside a cell. Reactions Biochemical Biochemical reactions are Reactions Sum of all mediated by Biochemical enzymes, which Reactions are biological catalysts that can alter the rate and specificity of chemical reactions  BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS A biochemical reaction is the transformation of one molecule to a different molecule inside a cell. Biochemical reactions are mediated by enzymes, which are biological catalysts that can alter the rate and specificity of --Phosphorylation and Decarboxylation chemical reactions NEUTRALIZATI ON REACTIONS Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base, which forms water and a salt. Net ionic equations for neutralization reactions may include solid acids, solid bases, solid salts, and water. OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION Oxidation-reduction (or "redox") reactions are a very large class of chemical reactions in which both oxidation and reduction necessarily occur. An oxidation is defined as loss of electrons in the course of a chemical reaction. If a species gains electrons, it is undergoing a CONDENSATION REACTIONS A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule.... When two amino acids combine in a condensation reaction, a covalent bond forms between the amine nitrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS Hydrolysis reactions use water to breakdown polymers into monomers and is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, which forms water when synthesizing a polymer from monomers. Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. PHOSPHORYLA TION Phosphorylation can be considered as one of the vital biochemical reactions in which phosphate molecules are added to some organic compound to make it usable for several functions in a living being. Or Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule. In biological systems, this reaction is vital for the cellular storage and transfer of free energy using energy carrier molecules. DECARBOXYLAT ION Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. DID YOU KNOW? The human brain carries out more than 100,000 biochemical reactions every second! Those nagging headaches are also a result of biochemical reactions. APPLICATIONS OF BIOCHEMISTRY WHY BIOCHEMISTRY ? Essential to all life sciences as the common knowledge Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology Pharmacology and Pharmacy Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology Zoology and Botany Agriculture Industrial applications Environmental implications Nutrition  BIOCHEMISTRY IN HEALTH SCIENCES Cell biology Physiology Immunology Microbiology Pharmacology Toxicology Inflammation Cell injury Cancer Study of body function Biochemical changes relate to physiological alteration Chemical aspects of biological processes such as digestion, hormonal action, and muscle contraction-