A Brief History of Materials PDF

WHY DO MEN NEED MATERIALS? 1 A Brief History of Materials cave painting homes of early time The materials timeline. The scale is nonlinear, with big steps at t...

WHY DO MEN NEED MATERIALS? 1 A Brief History of Materials cave painting homes of early time The materials timeline. The scale is nonlinear, with big steps at the bottom, small ones at the top. A star (*) indicates the date at which an element was first identified. Labels with no stars give the date at which the material became of practical importance. 2 A Brief History of Materials 3  About 300.000 years ago The needs of a bird: The needs of men: Food and a nest. Food and shelter. A stork carrying a piece of twig. 4  Stork’s nest Swallow’s nest Birds get food from nature, they Swallows use mud to stick the find and eat it. They make their dry bits of grass and straw. nests. They make a wall of composite What do they use to make nests? material, and stick it to place with mud. Birds use natural materials to make nests. For example: dry bits of vegetation, dry grass, straw and twigs 5  What about the early men? They searched and found food in nature, gathered seeds and fruit. Just the same as birds. for hunting, cutting, chopping they needed TOOLS some time later they To make their tools they used started hunting, cutting NATURAL MATERIALS; chopping Stone, wood, bone and fiber. 6  Homes of Early Man Early man used caves as shelters, later they built huts. Which MATERIALS did they use? NATURAL MATERIALS; Stone, wood, reed, mud. They used the same MATERIALS and the method as used by the birds. 7  Man Begins Production About 10.000 years ago in parts of the Middle East (Mesopotamia) human settlements began and a change from a nomadic HUNTER-GATHERER culture to a more SETTLED AGRICULTURAL one took place. They started growing food crops, such as wheat and barley. They domesticated productive animals such as sheep and goats. They needed permanent shelters, houses rather than temporary huts. To build houses they needed building materials. They started producing MUD-BRICK. 8  What did they need to make mud brick? They needed a mold, mud and straw. To make a mold what material did they use? They used WOOD. They built rectangular houses, not simple huts. To keep the bricks in place and seal them, they used a more watery version of the mud as a mortar and as a plaster. In some places of mesopotamia they used petrol tar instead of mud. Egypt 4000 BC. Mudbrick mould, 9 plaster's float and butterfly clamps  Sumerian kitchen The recipe for Sumerian mud bricks included a mixture of riverbank clay and water (MUD), along with reeds and straw. The straw or reeds held the brick together. As it is the mud - brick is a COMPOSITE material. 10  In this kitchen we can see kitchen utensils. To store surplus foods and liquids, to cook and eat their food they needed pots, pans and plates. For storing and transporting their food and crops they needed containers of various shapes. To make these cups, plates, pots and containers they used mud. They shaped mud and fired it to make stronger and durable items. So they started producing CERAMIC materials. Dishes made from red pottery, Pottery found at Çatal Höyük- probably used for serving 11food sixth millennium (6000)BC (about 6000 BC) In mesopotamia and Egypt man started farming, producing food. (Wall painting Farming-ancient Egypt) To plant their crops they needed ploughs. They had both hand ploughs and ones pulled by oxen. The ploughs were used to turn the soil. What materials did they use to make ploughs ? They used wood, stone and fiber. A sharpened stone was used as the tip for the plough to dig soil. 12 Wall painting- Harvesting What did they use for harvesting? in ancient Egypt They used sickles to cut the crops (mainly wheat and barley) What materials did they use to make a sickle? They used wood and flint blades. 13  Man started shaping stone Chlorite stone vase 22 cm high from Tepe Yahya 2500 BC. The design has an overlapping pattern and three bands of palm trees. 14 Man started using metals About 1550-1069 BC fishings hooks. In this period bronze becomes the most common metal for tools, weapons and metal objects of daily use. 15 About 1550-1069 BC arrow heads. 16 2025-1700 BC gold ring (about 1550-1069 BC) copper utensile 2025-1700 BC bronze figures shrewmouse Technology: most of the bronzes are cast about 2686-2181 BC Razor 17 Temple of Concordia Sicily Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain Ponte St. Angelo Italy, The Iron Bridge 18 Roman bridge. (Coalbrookdale, UK) Ancient warship HMS Dreadnought 1906 with steam engine 19 Man found wheel, a great change in civilization. Egyptian War Chariot 20 Horse and buggy 1910 Gdansk, horse pulled tram Tricycle Antique A train and a viaduct 21  Aviation First military aircraft 23 October 1911 First successful flight of the Wright Flyer, by the Wright brothers. The machine traveled 120 ft (36.6 m) in 12 seconds at 10:35 a.m. at Kitty Hawk, Sopwith Camel at the Imperial North Carolina. 22 War Museum. I.War time fighter Early otomobile (car) The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost of 1906 23  After World War I Man already started industrial production of many different products in textile, machine, railway, electrical, telecomunication and transport (sea, air and ground) industries. Any of such products is made of many different parts. Each part is made using SUITABLE MATERIAL. Without suitable MATERIAL we CAN NOT make the product we need. 24 Today 25 26  Today man NEEDS MANY DIFFERENT PRODUCTS for accomodation, feeding, transport, living, hobbies, education, communication and defence. Every item man uses is made of MANY DİFFERENT MATERIAL OF DIFFERENT PROPERTIES. Man PRODUCES these materials, SHAPES these materials and brings them to DESIRED PROPERTIES. So the product of desired function and life span is obtained. 27  After all, thousends of years later: The bird is unchanged, still And some societies in different carrying twigs. parts of the world (Brasil, Africa) They still live in conditions not very different from the early days of man. The reason seems to be the lack of communication, education, production and leadership. 28 A brief History of Materials: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SVybnfUkbo 29