Physics 1: Properties of Matter PDF

 Part One Properties of Matter: 1) International system of units, dimensional analysis, 2) Matter classification, 3) Elastic properties of materials, 4) Mechanical waves, sound waves, Doppler effect, shock waves, 5) Non-viscous fluids, Pascal’s principle, continuity equatio...

 Part One Properties of Matter: 1) International system of units, dimensional analysis, 2) Matter classification, 3) Elastic properties of materials, 4) Mechanical waves, sound waves, Doppler effect, shock waves, 5) Non-viscous fluids, Pascal’s principle, continuity equation, Bernoulli’s Equation, 6) Viscous fluids, Poiseuille’s Law, turbulence, 7) Liquids cohesive forces.  Part two Heat and Thermodynamics: 1) Temperature, and types of thermometers, 2) Thermal expansion, 3) Heat, internal energy, heat capacity, 4) Changing phases, latent heat, transfer of heat, 5) Elementary kinetic theory of gases, 6) First law of thermodynamics, 7) Second law of thermodynamics, heat engine, Carnot cycle, entropy. References 1- R.A. Serway, J.W. Jewett “Physics for Scientists and Engineers” 9th Edition. 2- John D. Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson “Physics”, 9th edition.  Course Objectives... Course is an introduction to the fundamental basis of Physics (Part One Properties of Matter) There will be a lecture (one per week) and laboratory (total 12).  Assessment No. Assessment method Weights 1 Mid-term examination 20% 2 Semester work (Quizzes, Reports, Sheets) 20% 4 Oral / practical examination 10% 5 Final examination 50% Total 100% Lecture 1 MEASUREMENTS Understand units Understand benefits of dimensional analysis. Understand scientific notation, significant figures and graphs.  Science and engineering Measurements and Comparisons we need rules about how things are measured and compared (standard) we need experiments to establish the units for those measurements and comparisons. 9  standards accessible invariable Any physical quantity is specified by its numerical value (numerical measure) {G} and its unit [G] G = {G} · [G] 10 THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS In 1971, General Conference of Weights and Measures SI units are currently divided into three classes: Derived Supplementary Base units units units 11  Examples of SI Derived Units Derived Quantity Name Symbol Area square meter M2 Volume cubic meter M3 speed, velocity meter per second m/s Acceleration meter pet second m/s2 squared mass density kilogram per cubic Kg/m3 (density) meter current density ampere per square A/m2 meter magnetic field ampere per meter A/m strength amount-of-substance mole per cubic meter mol/m3 concentration Luminance candela per square cd/m2 meter Momentum p = m × v, Impuls I = F  t Work W = F ⋅ d, Energy E = ½ mv2, Torque τ = r × F Pressure = F/A , stress = F/A and modulus of elasticity = Stress/Strain = (F/A)/(x/x) ORDER OF MAGNITUDE The order of magnitude of a physical quantity is that power of 10 which is closest to its magnitude. It gives an idea about how big and how small a given physical quantity is. A number N can be expressed as N = n × 10x. x is the order of magnitude of N.  ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT Accuracy and precision Accuracy refers to the closeness of observed values to its true value of the quantity while precision refers to closeness between the different observed values of the same quantity. High precision does not mean high accuracy. The difference between accuracy and precision can be understand by the following example : Suppose three students are asked to find the length of a rod whose length is known to be 2.250 cm. A neither precise nor accurate B more precise C precise as well as accurate Error : Each instrument has its limitation of measurement. While taking the observation, some uncertainty gets introduced in the observation. As a result, the observed value is somewhat different from true value. Therefore, Error = True value – Observed value Systematic errors : The errors which tend to occur of one sign, either positive or negative, are called systematic errors. Systematic errors are due to some known cause which follow some specified rule. We can eliminate such errors if we know their causes. Systematic errors may occur due to zero error of an instrument, imperfection in experimental techniques, change in weather conditions like temperature, pressure etc. Random errors : The errors which occur randomly and irregularly in magnitude and sign are called random errors. The cause of random errors are not known. If a person repeat the observations number of times, he may get different readings every time. Random errors have almost equal chances for positive and negative sign. Hence the arithmetic mean of large number of observations can be taken to minimize the random error.