Chapter 1-3 Assessment PDF

**NAME: MAELAN P. ALIMANGO** **DATE: 09/04/2024** **COURSE YEAR SEC: BSAIS 3B** **SCORE:** **Assessment Sheet** **Assessment 1** **Direction:** Answer comprehensively. 1. Identify a list of: (a) obligations we are expected to fulfill, (b) prohibitions we are required to respect, and (c)...

**NAME: MAELAN P. ALIMANGO** **DATE: 09/04/2024** **COURSE YEAR SEC: BSAIS 3B** **SCORE:** **Assessment Sheet** **Assessment 1** **Direction:** Answer comprehensively. 1. Identify a list of: (a) obligations we are expected to fulfill, (b) prohibitions we are required to respect, and (c) ideals we are encouraged to meet. Discuss whether they are ethical in nature or not. a. **Payment of Taxes** Citizens are required to pay taxes, which fund public services and infrastructure. Paying taxes is an ethical duty as it contributes to the social contract; in return for the benefits received from government services, citizens are expected to provide financial support to sustain those services. **Participation in Government** Civic engagement includes voting, attending town hall meetings, and being active in local governance. Participating in government is an ethical obligation as it empowers citizens to influence community decisions and uphold democratic values. Engagement reflects respect for fellow citizens and commitment to collective welfare. b. **Obeying the Law** Citizens are required to abide by existing laws that govern society, which often include prohibitions against theft, assault, and other criminal behaviors. Obeying laws reflects the ethical principle of respect for authority and the social contract. Laws are generally established to protect individual rights and promote the common good, making adherence to them an ethical obligation. **Truthfulness in Communication** Citizens are expected to communicate honestly and are prohibited from spreading false information or engaging in slander. The requirement for truthfulness is fundamentally ethical, as it fosters trust and accountability within society. Honesty is a cornerstone of respectful communication and healthy relationships among citizens. c. **Environmental Stewardship** Citizens are encouraged to take responsibility for the environment by promoting sustainable practices and protecting natural resources. Environmental stewardship is an ethical obligation, as it demonstrates care not only for the present population but also for future generations. Ethical principles of care and responsibility compel individuals to protect the environment and support sustainable development. **Commitment to Justice** Citizens are encouraged to advocate for justice and the protection of the rights of all individuals, regardless of their background or beliefs. This ideal is fundamentally ethical, as it promotes fairness, equality, and respect for human dignity. A commitment to justice ensures that all individuals have access to their rights and can live without oppression or discrimination, embodying key ethical principles. 2. Are clothes a matter of pure aesthetic taste, or does it make sense for clothes to become a subject in a discussion of ethics? Why? How about other forms of adornment, such as tattoos and piercings? **The relationship between clothing, adornment, and ethics extends beyond mere aesthetic considerations.​ While clothes can be seen primarily as tools for self-expression and fashion, they also raise important ethical questions related to production practices, cultural implications, and individual values. Similarly, forms of adornment such as tattoos and piercings can be analyzed through both aesthetic and ethical lenses.** 3. Look for a newspaper article that tackles an ethical issue. Consider the following questions: a. What makes this a matter of ethics? b. What is your own ethical judgment on this case? c. What are your reasons for this judgment? **Ethical Issue: Extrajudicial Killing** An extrajudicial killing is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. a. **Extrajudicial killing is inherently a matter of ethics because it involves the fundamental principles of justice, human rights, and moral accountability.​ The ethical implications of such actions raise significant questions about legality, morality, and the consequences for society.** b. **Extrajudicial killings are fundamentally unethical and unjustifiable.​** c. **Because they violate the right to life, disregard due process, and erode public trust in legal systems. the practice of extrajudicial killings is a grave ethical violation that cannot be justified under any circumstances. The commitment to uphold human rights, justice, and accountability is essential for a fair and just society.** 4. Brainstorm and come up with a list of common Filipino values. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of these? **1. Family Orientation:** Family is central to Filipino life; individuals often prioritize family relationships. **Strengths:** This creates strong support systems and emotional connections. **Weaknesses:** It can lead to dependency, making it difficult for individuals to become independent. **2. Humor and Positivity:** Filipinos have a remarkable ability to find joy in difficult circumstances. **Strengths:** This fosters resilience and a positive outlook. **Weaknesses:** It may cause avoidance of serious issues that need addressing. **3. Flexibility and Adaptability:** Filipinos are known for their adaptability to changing situations. **Strengths:** This helps them thrive in various environments. **Weaknesses:** However, it can sometimes lead to lack of structure and commitment. **4. Hard Work and Industriousness:** Filipinos are recognized for their strong work ethic and determination. **Strengths:** This drives personal and economic success. **Weaknesses:** It can result in overwork and burnout, particularly in challenging jobs. **5. Hospitality:** Filipinos are naturally hospitable, often going out of their way to care for guests. 5. Imagine that you are a legislator. What rules or laws that currently prohibit certain acts or practices would you want to amend or repel? Also, are there certain acts or practices currently permitted by the law that you would want to prohibit? Think of this on the level of your school, your province and the nation. **Amendments to Divorce Laws** The current laws in the Philippines largely prohibit divorce, making it challenging for individuals in unhealthy or abusive marriages to seek separation. While a recent bill has been approved legalizing divorce under limited circumstances, broader provisions are necessary. Expand the grounds for divorce to include emotional abuse and irreconcilable differences, ensuring a more humane approach to divorce that respects the complexities of relationships. This change would alleviate the emotional and financial burdens faced by individuals trapped in adverse situations. **Prohibition of Public Consumption of Alcohol** In the Philippines, the laws surrounding public drinking are a mix of formal regulations and cultural practices. While some areas have strict ordinances prohibiting alcohol consumption in public spaces, in many rural regions, drinking in public is socially acceptable and often encouraged. ​This duality highlights the challenges in enforcing laws meant to manage public drinking while also acknowledging the local culture that embraces communal drinking practices. Given the cultural significance and challenges of enforcement, there is a growing discourse on revisiting alcohol regulation in public spaces. Policymakers may need to consider community-oriented solutions that respect cultural practices while promoting responsible drinking. Possible strategies could involve community engagement and education to highlight the implications of excessive drinking while fostering safer environments for social interaction. 6. Comment on this statement: "What I believe must be true If I feel very strongly about it". **The statement \"What I believe must be true if I feel very strongly about it\" underscores the influence of personal beliefs and emotions on one's perception of reality. This belief highlights how emotional conviction can shape interpretations and affect critical thinking, often leading individuals to mistakenly regard subjective feelings as absolute truths.** 7. Is looking after the benefit of your own family over all other aspects considered as another form of egoism? Discuss. **Some view that looking after the benefit of your own family over all other aspects as a form of egoism, others argue that it is an instinct and moral obligation.** **Egoism is the ethical theory that suggests individuals should act in their own self-interest. Some argue that prioritizing family benefits can be a form of family egoism, which focuses on the self-interest of the family unit. This perspective suggests individuals may neglect broader social responsibilities when emphasizing family needs above all else. Conversely, looking after one\'s family is often seen as a moral obligation rooted in love and loyalty. Many believe that caring for family members is a natural duty and should not be viewed as selfish behavior but rather a reflection of ethical commitments to one\'s loved ones.** **Thus, whether prioritizing family is seen as a form of egoism largely depends on individual motivations. If the intent is purely self-serving, it may indeed align with egoism. However, if it stems from genuine love and responsibility, it may be regarded as a moral duty rather than selfishness.** **NAME: MAELAN P. ALIMANGO** **DATE: 09/04/2024** ------------------------------- ---------------------- **COURSE YEAR SEC: BSAIS 3B** **SCORE:** **Assessment 2** **Direction:** Put the case for or against your view or idea by giving evidence for your claims/reasons for or against; attempt to influence the reader to accept your view 1. Are all pleasures commensurable? Can they be evaluated on a single scale? Can some goods like friendship, be balanced against other goods like money? **Not all pleasures are commensurable, and they cannot be measured on a single scale.​ Goods such as friendship and money have different values and cannot be directly compared. Friendship and money represent different types of value and balancing them is subjective. People often find friendship to be more enjoyable than money, but this varies based on individual perspectives and experiences.** 2. Mill revises utilitarianism by arguing for "higher" pleasures. Which pleasures are higher? **In John Stuart Mill\'s revision of utilitarianism, \"higher\" pleasures are those that engage our higher faculties, such as intellect, emotion, and moral judgment. These pleasures are contrasted with \"lower\" pleasures, which are primarily sensual and animalistic in nature.** 3. Mill proposes that higher pleasures are those preferred by the majority of people. Do you agree that this is a good way of distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures? Can a well-informed majority prefer higher pleasures? **Mill\'s distinction between higher and lower pleasures, based on majority preference, has its merits but also some limitations.​ Not all individuals have equal exposure to different pleasures, which can affect their preferences. While a well-informed majority may favor higher pleasures, this measure may not capture the full range of individual experiences and values.** 4. Does utilitarianism questions individual rights? What if violation the civil rights of minority increases the sum total of pleasure of the majority? **Utilitarianism does not inherently question individual rights but can result in scenarios where those rights are sacrificed for the betterment of the majority. If violating a minority\'s civil rights increases overall pleasure, utilitarianism might support such actions, raising serious ethical concerns regarding justice and fairness.** 5. Do you agree that happiness is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, and that all actions are directed toward pleasure? **No, I wouldn't say that happiness is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Happiness encompasses more complex elements of life, including fulfillment, meaning, and contentment, which may not directly relate to pleasure-seeking.** 6. Are all pleasures comparable, even objectionable pleasures? What if the majority derives pleasure from being sexist? **Not all pleasures are comparable, especially objectionable ones like sexism.​ While the concept of pleasure is subjective and can vary widely based on individual perspectives and ethical frameworks.** 7. Is it justifiable to build a basketball court because there are basketball fans than to build a hospital because there are fewer sick people? **It is not justifiable to prioritize the construction of a basketball court over a hospital, even if there is a larger number of basketball fans compared to sick people.​ The foundational needs of a community such as access to healthcare should take precedence over recreational facilities, even if the latter has a large following.** 8. When is it justifiable to torture suspected criminals? **It is generally not justifiable to torture suspected criminals under any circumstances.​ Torture cannot be justified due to its inherent moral wrongness, legal prohibitions, ineffectiveness, societal consequences, and the risk of inflicting harm on innocent people.** **NAME: MAELAN P. ALIMANGO** **DATE: 09/04/2024** ------------------------------- ---------------------- **COURSE YEAR SEC: BSAIS 3B** **SCORE:** **ASSESSMENT 3** **Direction:** Put the case for or against your view or idea by giving evidence for your claims/reasons for or against; attempt to influence the reader to accept your view 1. Are there other ways that the word natural is used to justify a particular way of behaving? How do these approaches compare to the theory of Aquinas? **The term \"natural\" plays a significant role in justifying behaviors across different contexts, Aquinas\'s natural law theory offers a distinct and more absolute framework for understanding ethics rooted in human nature and divine law.** 2. Can you think of human laws that are proper extensions of the natural law? Explain how this is so. Can you think of other human law that violates the natural law? Explain how this is so. **Human laws that align with natural law promote justice and respect for human dignity, while those that violate natural law principles undermine these foundational moral values, often leading to social injustice and moral decay.​ This interplay highlights the importance of ethical reasoning in shaping legal standards that reflect the intrinsic values of society.** 3. Are there other forms of harm -- short of killing another person -- that may be taken as a violation of the natural inclination to preserve one's being? Justify your answer. **Yes, various forms of harm---short of killing another person---can be considered violations of the natural inclination to preserve one's being.​ These harms can include psychological abuse, physical violence, deprivation of basic needs, and infringement on individual rights. Such actions undermine an individual\'s innate drive for well-being and survival. Harm can manifest in many forms beyond physical harm. These forms critically undermine the innate human desire to thrive and are, therefore, considered violations of natural inclinations. Addressing these harms is essential for ensuring that individuals can fully engage with and benefit from their rights and dignity as human beings.** 4. Are there current scientific developments -- for example, in biology -- that challenge the understanding of nature presented by Aquinas? **Yes, current scientific developments, particularly in biology, challenge the understanding of nature as presented by Aquinas.​ Modern theories, such as evolution, as well as advancements in genetics and ecological studies, contradict Aquinas\' views on fixed species and immutable essences.** 5. Is it possible to maintain a natural law theory without believing in the divine source? Why or why not? **It is possible to maintain a natural law theory without belief in a divine source, though this view faces challenges related to the authority and universality of moral principles. Additionally maintaining a natural law theory without divine belief is feasible but invites significant discussions on moral authority and universality, challenging its traditional foundations.**