IPM on Mango Crop - Part 3 PDF

PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT ON MANGO (Mangifera indica) AGR. VIRGILIO M. VERO COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR MAJOR INSECT PEST OF MANGO www.rellygreatsite.com ANTS (Oecophylla smaragdina)  DESCRIPTION Ant infestations in mango trees are encouraged by the presence of scale insects...

PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT ON MANGO (Mangifera indica) AGR. VIRGILIO M. VERO COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR MAJOR INSECT PEST OF MANGO www.rellygreatsite.com ANTS (Oecophylla smaragdina)  DESCRIPTION Ant infestations in mango trees are encouraged by the presence of scale insects and mealy bugs that produce honeydews, which are ants’ excellent food source.  DAMAGE Ants do not really create harm or damage the tree or fruit, but they can make harvesting very cumbersome because of the painful bites they can inflict to the farmers/ harvesters.  MANAGEMENT Prune the mango tree and remove all unnecessary branches that provide favorable environment for ants. Control mealy bugs, scale insects and leafhoppers. Apply insecticides during heavy infestation, particularly directed on the nests. CAPSID BUG (Lygocoris pabulinus)  DESCRIPTION The adult insect looks like a small rice bug. Its pair of antennae is twice as long as its body. The female adult capsid bug has a black body with an orange thorax. Its eggs are white while young nymphs are red or orange.  DESCRIPTION The bug stays in wild vegetation and is active in the evening. It feeds on developing fruits, up to the size of a chicken egg.  DAMAGE The bug excretes toxic materials that produce dry, brown irregularly-shaped corky spots on the fruit’s skin. These spots are locally known as “kurikong,” “saksak walis”, “armalite”, or “nora-nora” depending on the area or region.  MANAGEMENT Bag the fruits at 55 to 60 days after flower induction. Remove weeds, underbrush shrubs and small trees under the mango canopy as well as infested fruits.  MANAGEMENT Remove alternate hosts of adult bugs such as cashew, guava and cacao from the orchard. If infestation is heavy, apply registered insecticides, preferably at night. MANGO FRUIT FLY(Ceratitis cosyra)  DESCRIPTION The adult fruit fly is almost similar in size to the house fly. It has a light brown body, bright yellow spots on the shoulder and thorax, and has transparent wings. The female fruit fly punctures the peel of a mature fruit and lays eggs on it. Its larvae grow and feed on mango fruits.  DAMAGE Damage on the fruits starts during egg-laying. The punctures on the fruit are not readily recognizable. However, after four to five days, soft brownish spots appear, liquid oozes from the spots and the underlying tissue rots.  DAMAGE The continuous feeding of the larva and the secondary microbial activity further destroy the fruit making it unsuitable for consumption.  MANAGEMENT Collect the infested fruits and bury deep into the soil to prevent the insect from completing its life cycle. Bag the fruits with appropriate bagging materials such as old newspapers at 55 to 65 days after flower induction or when the fruits are about the size of chicken-egg.  MANAGEMENT Harvest fruits at mature green stage since fruit flies are attracted to them as soon as their surfaces become yellow. Do not intercrop with the following fruits trees: guava, papaya, jackfruit, sineguelas and santol since they are also preferred hosts of the fruit flies. MANGO CECID FLY(Procontarinia mangivora)  DESCRIPTION Cecid fly is a very small and delicate fly with long legs and antennae, and hairy transparent wings. Its larvae are tiny bright yellow maggots. The adult Cecid fly stays on wild vegetation while the larva stays in young mango leaves or fruits.  DAMAGE The developing larvae cause gall formation in the leaves and round sunken spots on the fruits.  MANAGEMENT Prune crowded branches and infested leaves, particularly flushes. Remove weeds, underbrush shrubs and small trees under the mango canopy. Collect and dispose the infested fruits properly. MANGO LEAFHOPPER(Amritodus atkinsoni)  DESCRIPTION Adult mango leafhoppers are wedge-shaped insects which are greyish-green or brown. The young leafhoppers or nymphs are very small, wingless and yellowish. They can be found hiding underneath the leaves, main stalk of the panicle and in emerging flowers.  DAMAGE The nymph and adult mango leafhoppers pierce and suck plant sap resulting in the withering and falling of individual flowers. High hopper infestations results to production of sticky fluid “honey dew”which serves as medium for the growth of sooty mold beneath the leaves, flower buds and panicles.  MANAGEMENT - Induce early flowering. This can minimize heavy leafhopper infestations that usually occur during the summer months. - Avoid excessive application of fungicides to conserve beneficial fungi that attack the leafhopper.  MANAGEMENT - Prune all dead branches after harvest to improve light penetration and air circulation. - Do light trapping before flower induction to reduce initial leafhopper population in the field.  MANAGEMENT - Apply insecticides only when there are at least three leafhoppers per panicle. Check the presence of mango hopper seven days after flower induction or once flower buds are formed or have elongated. MANGO PULP WEEVIL (Sternochetus frigidus)  DESCRIPTION The mango pulp weevil is a hard-bodied weevil, usually 6mm long and brownish black in color. Due to its color and habit, it cannot easily be seen in the tree. Its larvae, which feed on the mango flesh, develop inside the mango fruit.  DESCRIPTION This insect is found only in Southern Palawan but because of its destructive nature, it has placed the island under quarantine. Mangoes from this area are not allowed to be transported or brought out of the province.  DAMAGE The damage created by the weevil is not visible externally. But inside the fruit, tunnels and discolored pulp are formed due to larval feeding. An adult weevil does not leave the fruit until it falls to the ground and rots.  MANAGEMENT - Prune the tree, preferably open-center pruning, to allow the sunlight to penetrate the tree canopy. Sunlight kills weevils. - Keep the orchard clean. Remove all weeds, twigs, fallen leaves and other debris under the tree canopy.  MANAGEMENT - Dispose of infected fruits properly by burying the fruits two feet below the ground. - Bag the fruits at 55 to 60 DAFI. MANGO SEED BORER (Deanolis albizonalis)  DESCRIPTION The adult mango seed borer moth is light brown and 16mm long. The larva is white with red inter- segmental bands.  DAMAGE The damage starts when the larva enters the fruit through the apex or the narrow tip area of the fruit. The growing larva feeds on the seed and flesh. Later, the damaged area collapses and the apex bursts. When the seed is totally consumed, the fruit will fall to the ground.  MANAGEMENT - Remove infested fruits from the tree to prevent movement of larva from one fruit to another and to minimize damage to other fruits. - Dispose of infected fruits properly to prevent the insect from completing its life cycle. This can be done by burying the fruits two feet below the ground.  MANAGEMENT - Bag the fruits at 55 to 65 DAFI. - Monitor infestation and when necessary, apply insecticide at 50-55 days after flower induction. MANGO THRIPS (Scirtothrips dorsalis)  DESCRIPTION Mango thrips are minute, slender-bodied insects and about 4mm long. When fully-developed, the insects have four long, narrow fringed wings. Thrips are sensitive to light.  DAMAGE Adults and nymphs attack the flowers. They suck the plant sap, which causes the flowers to wither and fall off. They can extend damage to the fruits resulting to scaby appearance locally called “chico-chico”.  MANAGEMENT - Prune or cut off excess branches to improve aeration and to allow more light to penetrate the canopy. - Spray registered insecticides as a fine mist to protect the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. MEALY BUGS (Drosicha mangiferae)  DESCRIPTION Mealy bugs are small (2 mm long), oval-shaped, soft- bodied insects with white cottony filaments on their body. Male adult mealy bugs have two wings while females are wingless. They are usually found on flushes, flowers and fruits.  DESCRIPTION Mealy bugs have symbiotic relationship with red ants. They excrete sticky fluid called “honeydew”, which serves as food for red ants. The ants protect and transport mealy bugs to the different parts of the tree.  DAMAGE Mealy bugs suck vital plant sap and affects leaves, flowers and fruits. Affected parts turn yellow, dry up and eventually, fall-off. The honeydew produced by the mealy bugs promotes growth of sooty molds on leaves, which eventually affects the photosynthetic activity.  MANAGEMENT - Prune heavily infested plant parts. - Spray registered insecticide immediately before bagging. MANGO TIP BORER (Penicillaria jocosatrix)  DESCRIPTION The adult mango tip borer is a grayish black moth, usually about 8mm long. Its larva can grow to as long as 10 mm and light-brown to purple in color. It is considered as a serious pest of flowers and young shoots.  DAMAGE Mango tip borer destroys the flowers from bud emergence to elongation. Its larva bores into the tip of the shoots and developing flowers and feeds on the inner tissues. The affected shoots wilt and terminal parts die while the affected panicles split-open and gradually shed off the flowers.  MANAGEMENT - Prune and burn the infested parts to prevent the insects from multiplying and spreading. - Spray registered insecticides recommended for tip borer control. MANGO TIP BORER (Penicillaria jocosatrix)  DESCRIPTION Scale insects are small (1 mm long), stationary, convex and scale-like organisms.  DAMAGE High population of scale insects causes the canopy to turn black due to the growth of sooty mold. Since the leaves are covered with sooty mold, photosynthetic or food production activity is reduced considerably. Punctures created by insects on the fruit result in whitish spots which lower the fruit’s market value.  MANAGEMENT - Look for scale insects on leaves, flowers and fruits. Check if infestation is widespread or occurring only in small patches. If infestation is widespread, prune heavily-affected parts before spraying registered insecticide. If it occurs in patches, remove affected parts mechanically.  MANAGEMENT - Check if there are ipil-ipil or kakawate trees nearby. These are alternate hosts of scale insects and serve as a source of infestation. - Destroy the red ants infesting the mango tree because these facilitate the spread of scales from one tree to another. TWIG CUTTER (Callimetopus capito)  DESCRIPTION The larva of twig cutter grows to as long as 18mm, is colored white and legless. It can be found inside the twigs where it feeds on woody tissue. It pupates inside the twig and will get out only when it has become a fully-grown beetle.  DESCRIPTION The adult twig cutter is a gray-spotted long-horned beetle and around 20mm long. This insect is very destructive during the dry season, particularly in many growing areas of Central Luzon.  DAMAGE The twig cutter cuts or girdles the twig before it lays eggs. The infested twig breaks off easily at the point of incision or die. A twig cutter-infested tree is characterized by the presence of dead twigs and leaves on its canopy.  MANAGEMENT Prune and burn infested twigs to prevent the development and spread of insects. Apply insecticide during flushing stage, the time when the adults lay eggs on the twigs. MAJOR PLANT DISEASE OF MANGO www.rellygreatsite.com ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotricum gloeosporioides)  DESCRIPTION Anthracnose is a major post harvest problem of mango fruits and is the most serious fungal disease of mangoes in the Philippines.  DAMAGE Anthracnose causes irregular brown spots on young leaves while mature leaves get distorted with “shot- holes” in various shapes and sizes. It also blackens and withers the flowers and produces “blossom blight” while causing brown to black sunken spots on the fruits.  DAMAGE Other damage caused by anthracnose: Reduced tree vigor Unproductive terminal branches Withering of flowers Failure to set and retain fruits Rotting of fruits  MANAGEMENT Field Management Follow recommended cultural practice to maintain vigorous and productive trees, which are less prone to diseases. Maintain good light penetration and air circulation in each mango tree.  MANAGEMENT Collect and burn trash to reduce sources of disease. Bag fruits using appropriate bagging materials to reduce further field infestation. Fertilize and irrigate trees to improve tree vigor.  MANAGEMENT Collect and burn trash to reduce sources of disease. Bag fruits using appropriate bagging materials to reduce further field infestation. Fertilize and irrigate trees to improve tree vigor.  MANAGEMENT When flushing occurs on rainy days, protect emerging flushes from leaf spots by spraying registered contact fungicides. DO NOT use systemic fungicides. Apply protectants/systemic fungicides to protect inflorescence against blossom blight and fruit rot infection on developing fruits.  MANAGEMENT Post Harvest Management Subject newly harvested fruits in hot water treatment: for 10 minutes if water temperature is between 53 to 55oC, or for 1 minute if water temperature is between 59 to 60oC SCAB (Denticularia maniferae)  DESCRIPTION Scab is a fungal disease which primarily infects young developing fruits. It is prominently seen in panicles and young developing fruits, particularly on the pedicel.  DESCRIPTION The surface of infected fruit has grayish brown spots with dark irregular margin. As the spots enlarge, the surface develops cracks and fissured corky tissues. Heavily infected fruits look like common scab-infected calamansi fruits. Heavier infestations occur during the rainy season.  DAMAGE Infected fruits are misshapened with unsightly looking surface, thus are downgraded and have lower market value.  MANAGEMENT Follow the protection management used against anthracnose. Use the recommended cultural practice to maintain vigorous and productive trees, which are less prone to diseases.  MANAGEMENT Maintain good light penetration and air circulation in each mango tree through regular sanitation and pruning. Prune after harvest to increase ventilation and reduce humidity inside the canopy. Collect and burn trash to reduce sources of diseases.  MANAGEMENT Bag fruits using appropriate bagging materials to reduce further field infection. Spray registered fungicides in scab prone areas during the young fruit stage or around 35 to 50 days after flower induction to control the disease. SOOTY MOLD (Denticularia maniferae)  DESCRIPTION Sooty mold is a fungal disease that grows and obtains nourishment from the honeydew excreted by insects such as leafhoppers, scales and mealy bugs. The disease develops on the leaf surface and on fruit as black velvety covering.  DAMAGE The sooty mold on leaves interferes with the photosynthetic activities of the plant. It reduces the tree’s vigor and fruit bearing capability and downgrades the fruit’s market value.  MANAGEMENT Management/Prevention: Eradicate or manage the population of the honeydew-excreting insects. Bag clean fruits with appropriate bagging materials. Practice pruning. DIPLODIA/STEM END ROT (Diplodia natalensis)  DESCRIPTION Diplodia stem-end rot is a fungal disease caused by complex fungal organisms. It is characterized by dark lesions developing at the pedicel end of the mango fruits after they are harvested.  DESCRIPTION Under warm and moist conditions, the infected area extends towards the end of the fruit. The fruit turns from dark-brown to purplish black and the tissues become watery and produce unpleasant odor.  DESCRIPTION Diplodia stem-end rot produces soft rot unlike anthracnose which produces hard rot. This disease also infects inflorescence, young developing fruits and terminal branches.  DAMAGE Stem-end rot causes post-harvest losses due to rotting of fruits. It also reduces tree vigor because of severe drying of twigs and defoliation.  MANAGEMENT Remove and burn primary sources of the disease such as dead twigs, barks and other trashes. Harvest the fruits with about 1 to 2cm of the stalk attached. It was observed that there is a high incidence of stem-end rot on fruits without stalk.  MANAGEMENT Follow the disease management interventions developed for anthracnose. They are known to substantially reduce incidence of stem-end rot.  REFERENCE Crop life (2018). Training Manual on Mango Production in the Philippines, Crop life Philippines Alabang, Muntinlupa City. http://www.croplife.org.ph/uploads/4/7/0/6/47068703/trainingmanualonmango production.pdf https://ppqs.gov.in/sites/default/files/mango-ipm-for-export.pdf THANK YOU