Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment Chapter 20 PDF
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This document is a chapter from a medical textbook focusing on the physical examination of the heart and neck vessels. The chapter covers concepts such as the structure and function of the heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, and conduction system. It also describes subjective and objective assessment techniques and highlights risk factors for heart disease, along with health-promotion considerations for women.
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Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition **Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels** **Key Points** **This section discusses key points about the structure and function of the heart and neck vessels.** The **cardiovascular system** consists of the **heart**, which is a...
Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition **Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels** **Key Points** **This section discusses key points about the structure and function of the heart and neck vessels.** The **cardiovascular system** consists of the **heart**, which is a muscular pump, and the **blood vessels**, which provide pulmonary and systemic circulation through two continuous loops. The major anatomical features of the heart are the **pericardium**, **myocardium**, **endocardium**, **atria**, **ventricles**, **valves, and** **chordae tendineae**. The rhythmic movement of blood through the heart is the **cardiac cycle**, which has **two phases**: diastole and systole. Events in the cardiac cycle produce **heart sounds** you can hear with a stethoscope. Besides these normal heart sounds, you may hear **extra heart sounds**, such as: For all heart sounds, describe their **pitch**, **intensity**, **duration, and** **timing**. The heart **contracts** in response to an electrical current in its **conduction system**. The **cardiac output** equals the **stroke volume** (or blood volume in each systole) times the **rate** (or beats per minute). **Preload** is the venous return that builds during diastole. **Afterload** is the opposing pressure that the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure. - Electrocardiography (ECG) waves are arbitrarily labelled *PQRST*, which stand for the following elements: - - - - Vascular structures in the **neck** include the **carotid artery** **and** **jugular veins**. The cardiovascular system undergoes **developmental changes**. The major **risk factors for heart disease** and stroke are **high blood pressure**, **smoking**, **high cholesterol** levels, **obesity**, and type 2 **diabetes** mellitus. Lifestyle changes can modify the development of cardiovascular disease. **This section presents critical points about subjective and objective assessments of the heart and neck vessels.** To obtain **subjective data**, ask questions that investigate these topics: To obtain **objective data**, focus on the **neck vessels** first. Next, examine the **precordium**. Use inspection and palpation to: To prepare for **heart** auscultation, identify the **anatomical areas** where you should listen. There are four **traditional valve areas**: In these and other listening areas, auscultate with the **diaphragm** of the stethoscope, using a **Z pattern**: Incorporate **health promotion** when assessing the heart and neck vessels. For example, teach women that **heart attacks** produce **atypical symptoms** in women. Instead of chest pain or discomfort, women often feel a hot or cold sensation or even tenderness to touch in the back, shoulders, arms, or jaws. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, indigestion, shortness of breath, or extreme fatigue.
