Chapter 02: Mobile Communication Technologies PDF

CHAPTER 02: Mobile Communication Technologies 1 CH02: Topics to be covered  Overview on Mobile Technologies,  Current Mobile technologies (GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, 5G)  Mobile Cloud Computing  Recent related Technologies...

CHAPTER 02: Mobile Communication Technologies 1 CH02: Topics to be covered  Overview on Mobile Technologies,  Current Mobile technologies (GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, 5G)  Mobile Cloud Computing  Recent related Technologies 2  3 Todays Objective  NETWORK  TELECOM NETWORK  Mobile communication  Mobile communication technologies  1ST AND 2ND generation  4 What is a Computer Network?  A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that share resources and information.  These devices can include computers, servers, printers, and other hardware.  Networks allow for the efficient exchange of data, enabling various applications such as email, file sharing, and internet browsing.  5 How ?  Basics building blocks of a Computer network are  Nodes : Equipment for Data Communication like a Modem, Router, etc., or Equipment of a Data Terminal like connecting two computers or more.  Links :- Link in between nodes and can be  wires or cables  wireless networks.  Computer network based on rules or protocols which help in sending and receiving data via the links which allow Computer networks to communicate.  Each device has an IP Address, that helps in identifying a device.  6 Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks  Network:  Nodes  Protocol  Topology  IP Address  DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human- readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand.  Firewall  Service Provider Networks: These types of Networks give permission to take Network Capacity and Functionality on lease from the Provider. Service Provider Networks include Wireless Communications, Data Carriers, etc.  7 Communication  Physical  Virtual - > technology oriented -> email, phone, fax , video chat  8 Networking vs. telecom  Networking describes how devices interconnect to share resources with each other.  Telecom, which includes networking, broadly refers to the exchange of data across long distances.  Networks are responsible for the transport of all data within an organization.  This includes traditional telecom services such as VoIP, call center and voicemail.  Telecom services have transformed into modern collaboration services.  This includes not only voice, but also chat, presence, file sharing and video conferencing services. Because these services require network access, telecom relies on the network to function.  9 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies What is Telecom Network ? Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of information over distances. TELECOM NETWORKS network management transmission systems switching systems Is defined as an arrangement of computing and telecommunicationssystems resources for communication of information between distant locations. uses various technologies andDoprotocols to facilitate the transmission of voice, you remember data, and video signals betweenabout devices Mobile computing It has components such as transmission systems, switching systems, and network management systems. (Component categories ) 3 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 10 Components in Telecom network: 1. Terminals '→ for accessing the network 2. Devices '→ that process information and are interconnected by the network. 3. Telecommunications links '→ Transmission channel - > wired / wireless 4. Telecommunications equipment '→ that facilitates the transmission of information. 5. Telecommunications software '→ that controls message transmission over the network. 3  11 Key Features of Telecom Networks  Wide coverage  Scalability  High capacity  Cost-effectiveness  Reliability  Quality of Service (QoS  Security  Integration with other technologies  Flexibility:  Remote management and monitoring  Interconnectivity  Support for mobile devices:  Compliance with regulations:  Environmental sustainability  12 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies The networks are based either on wired or wireless infrastructures ↓ telephone landline network, Mobile network, cable TV networks or the internet. ↓ Backbone for Mobile Communication 3  CH02: Mobile Communication 13 Technologies  Mobile Communication Technology ?  ”is a form of communication which doesn’t depend on physical connection between sender and receiver and move from place to palce while sending receiveing information”.  is technologies w/c allows the exchange of information using a communication infrastructure at the same time regardless of any physical link  Mobile Computing Vs Mobile Communication '→ are same ? 4 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 14 Mobile Computing Vs Mobile Mobile Computing refers to the ability to use Communication '→ are same ? computing devices while being mobile (without ↓ needing a fixed physical link). ”the ability to use the mobile technology while on the Mobile communication focuses on the infrastructure move, most of the portable and technologies that enable seamless and reliable computers and computing communication between mobile devices. equipment which are particular for the use in stationary place or configuration” 4 CH02: Mobile Communication 15 Technologies Why we need Wireless Communication? No cost of installation Quick Communication without prolonged setup Serve Large population without wires ubiqitous connectivity 5  16 Mobile communication technology  Mobile communication technology is at the core of how we stay connected today.  Technologies in Mobile Communication  Cellular Networks:  2G/3G/4G (LTE): These generations of cellular networks have progressively improved data transmission speeds and capabilities.  5G: The latest generation offers ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and the ability to connect a massive number of devices, enabling advancements in IoT and smart cities.  Wi-Fi:  Wi-Fi 6/6E: These newer standards of Wi-Fi offer faster speeds, better performance in crowded areas, and improved energy efficiency.  Bluetooth 5.0: Enhances data transfer rates, range, and supports more devices simultaneously, making it essential for IoT devices.  Near Field Communication (NFC):Used primarily for contactless payments and data exchange between devices at close  17 Terminologies in mobile technology Mobile Staion: devices which can support cellular radio system while on-fly Hand-held portable unit of communication Base Staion (BS): Fixed tower in a mobile radio system for radio communication with mobile station Mobile Switching Center (MSC): a Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in large service area. responsible to base station and mobile to PSTN (Public switch telephone network ) PSTN (Public-switched telephone network) is a Global network over worldwide! Channel : Various types of channels Control Channel : is radio channel used for transmission of call request, call setup, call initiation and other beacon Page : the actual message whcih is broadcast over the entire service area 7  CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies... Channel... Forward Control Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from Base station to mobile station Reverse Control Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile station to base station Handoff The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex Check.... 8 19 20  21 Subscriber Identity Module, 22  23 handoff 24 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 25 How to categorize Mobile communication system ? 6  Cellular Networks.... 0-Generation 26 Telecom/Mobile Communication tech  1. Mobile Telephony System  The first public mobile telephone system → Mobile Telephone System (MTS)  It was also known as Car-based mobile Telephony Mobile transceivers of MTS were very big and could be carried only by vehicles.   MTS was Analog system meaning that it processed voice information as a continuous waveform.   The system was half-duplex  Communication parties @a time could either speak or listen.  To switch between the two modes, users had to push a specific button on the terminal.  MTS utilized a Base Station (BS) with a single high-power transmitter.  Base Stations utilized the same frequencies.  Due to power limitations, mobile units mobile units transmitted not directly to the BS but to receiving sites 9 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies How a call happen in MTS ? The caller first called a special number to connect to an MTS operator. The caller informed the operator of the mobile subscriber’s number. Then the operator searched for an idle channel in order to relay the call to the mobile terminal. 1 0  28 Mobile Telephone System (MTS)...  Major limitations:  Manually Switching of calls.  limited channels are available (3 channels)  Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS)  Utilized automatic call switching  Enhanced its mode of transmission → Full-duplex  The intermediation of the operator in a call Eliminated.  Number of channel increased to 23  IMTS has problem:  providing a small capacity Because spectrum usage.  Interference to adjacent systems due to large power of BS transmitter. 11 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 29 Second Generation (2G) Second-generation wireless/mobile communication technology. The first digital cellular networks '→ Digital modulation Digital modulation is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal. This encoding affects the bandwidth of the signal and its ability to withstand channel impairments. Digital modulation is the process by which data/information is converted into electrical/digital signals for transferring that signal over a medium 12  30 Cont…  2G Highly employ TD M A and CDMA techniques to assign users.  Has brought :  Digital traffic channels  Encryption  2G systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.  Error detection and correction  digital traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception.  Channel access : dynamically shared by a number of users.  various standards 2G standards '→ GSM, IS-136, PDC, CDMA/IS-95  GSM IS The most notable 2G standard system  ↓  31 CDMA vs TDMA Both are methods used to share a single communication channel among multiple users understanding these methods helps us see how multiple users can efficiently share communication channels without interference. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) are two different wireless communication techniques:  32 TDMA vs CDMA TDMA assigns different time slots to each user on the same  CDMA uses unique codes to differentiate users sharing the same frequency band at the same time.  frequency.  TDMA allows each user to utilize the full frequency band for a defined session.  CDMA offers higher transmission rates compared to  There is a time slot given to each station, the station can transmit TDMA. data during that time slot only  CDMA allows several users to simultaneously utilize  TDMA separates users based on time, ensuring no interference from simultaneous transmissions. the same frequency band defined by a unique  uses buffer and Burst transmission code.  Discontinuous transmission  It allows each station to transmit data over the entire frequency all the time.  Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated by unique code sequence  33 Cont… Buffer and Burst 34  35 GSM Systems \ Global SYSTEM FOR MOBILE communication \  The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a standard developed to describe protocols for second-generation (2G) cellular networks.  Initially launched in 1991, GSM became the dominant mobile communication standard globally, supporting voice and data transmission.  GSM completely designed from scratch '→ backward Incompatible with 1G  It can deliver data rate up to 9.6 Kbps by using 124 channels per cell;  Each channel can support 8 users through TDMA  36  It uses 4 different frequency bands 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz. (Frequency Bands: operate differently in depending on region.)  It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA.  Supports SMS (Short Message Service), MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service), and limited mobile internet through GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution).  Implements encryption and authentication for secure communication.  37 Features of GSM Supports international roaming Clear voice clarity Ability to support multiple handheld devices. Spectral / frequency efficiency Low powered handheld devices. Ease of accessing network International ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network )compatibility. Low service cost. New features and services.  38  Every GSM radio channel is 200 kHz broad and is further divided into frames of eight time slots.  The GSM system consists of mobile stations, base stations, and interweaving switching systems.  The GSM program allows 8 to 16 audio users to share a single radio channel, and each radio transmission station can have numerous radio channels.  39 GSM categories of services  GSM has defined three different categories of services: 1. Bearer Services 2. Tele Services 3. Supplementary services.  40 Bearer Services  Bearer services provide data transport between the mobile device and the network.  They are responsible for enabling data transmission across the GSM network.  Is a service that allows transmission of information signals between network interfaces.  services for data transmission  9600 bit/s '→ non-voice data  those services provided to transport binary data across the GSM network.  Operate in 2-Mode Transparent Bearer services Non-transparent Bearer services defines more services '→ for Interworking with PSTN, ISDN and packet switched public data networks (PSPDN)  41 Cont  Operate in 2-Mode Transparent Bearer services Transparent Bearer Services in GSM are designed to provide a constant and predictable data transmission path. They operate at the physical layer and do not involve any higher-layer protocols for error correction or flow control. Data transmission has a constant delay and throughput if no transmission error occurs. forward error correction (FEC) Transparent bearer services are suitable for real-time applications like voice and video calls. Non-transparent Bearer services Non-transparent bearer services include additional layers of error detection, correction, and retransmission. has Radio Link Protocol (RLP) on top of transparent bearer services Employ protocols in Link layer and network layer for reliability Suitable for applications like file transfers and email. In general it is suitable for applications where data integrity is critical, such as file transfers, email, and other data-intensive applications where errors cannot be tolerated.  42 Cont Tele Services 43 Tele services are the basic communication services provided by GSM Primary goal of GSM '→ high-quality digital voice transmission + encrypted voice transmission message services basic data communication Emergency number mandatory and free of charge Short message service (SMS) limited upto 160 characters Enhanced message service (EMS) larger message size, formatted text, and the transmission of animated pictures, small images Multledia message service (MMS) Data and Fax Services 14  44 Supplementary services These services offer various enhancements for the standard telephony service, and may vary from provider to provider Has brought : Call Management Services: Call Forwarding: Redirects incoming calls to another number. Call Waiting: Notifies users of an incoming call while on another call. Call Hold: Puts an ongoing call on hold to take another call. Barring of Calls: Restricts certain types of outgoing or incoming calls. Number Identification Services: Calling Line Identification (CLI): Displays the caller's number. Connected Line Identification: Shows the number of the connected party. Advice of Charge (AoC):Provides real-time information about call charges. USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data):Enables interaction with network services via short codes (e.g., checking balance). 14  45 GSM Architecture GSM composed of 3 Sub-systems : Radio sub-system Network and Switching subsystem Operating subsystem Radio Sub-system 46 comprises all radio specific entities, '→ i.e. Mobile nodes and BSS  Mobile nodes → You Know  Base Station subsystem (BSS) Consist of many BSSs '→ controlled by BSC. Responsible for : Maintain connection to Mobile Node. Coding and decoding voice Base station controllers (BSC) provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS High-capacity switch that provides function. Handover, Cell configuration data Control of radio frequency (RF) power levels Base transceiver station (BTS): is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTS’s are controlled by an BSC. 16 Cont… 1 7  48 Network Switching Subsystem It is the core of the GSM network, responsible for responsible for call switching, subscriber management, authentication, and interconnection with other networks It ensures seamless communication and mobility for GSM users. Responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions Further equippied with : the core control center of a Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) '→ MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems Its Key components are MSC, HLR, VLR, AUC, EIR  49 Additional Key components 1. Home location register (HLR) It is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions such as service profile, location information, activity status The HLR is a database that contains permanent subscriber information, such as the IMSI, mobile number, and service subscription details. It is used to authenticate and authorize users on the network. 2. Visitor location register (VLR) It is a database that contains temporary information needed by the MSC The VLR is a temporary database that stores information about subscribers currently within the specific MSC. It helps manage roaming and mobility within the network.  50 3. Authentication center (AUC) It is a provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the users identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters to ensure secure communication between the Mobile Station and the network. 4. Equipment identity register (EIR) It is a database that contains information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations  51 Cont…  52 Figure: Network switching sub-system (NSS) The operation subsystem (OSS) ↓ Check what is the key tasks ?... read it 19  53 How Components of GSM communicate ? By exchanging control messages '→ via ”Protocol” Support mobility and connection management. 1. Between Mobile Station (MS) and Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2. Between Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) 3. Between Base Station Controller (BSC) and Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 4. Between Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and Home Location Register (HLR) 5. Between MSC and Visitor Location Register (VLR) 6. Between MSC and Authentication Center (AUC) 7. Between MSC and Equipment Identity Register (EIR) How Components of GSM communicate ? 54 By exchanging control messages '→ via ”Protocol” Support mobility and connection management. Control radio resource Delivery assurance Manage communication with MSC Signal processing ↓ GSM Communication protocol 20 GSM Signaling protocol '→ categorized into 4 layer 1. Physical Layer 55 Radio-specific functions, What Functions ? multiplexing of bursts into a TDMA frame synchronization with the BTS digital modulation and p performs encryption/decryption channel coding and error detection/correction 2. Link Layer LAPDm protocol has been defined at the U m interface for layer two. 3. Network Layer Comprise 2 sub-layers Lower sub-layer: Radio resource management (RRM). ⇓ Setup, maintenance, and release of radio channels. Upper sub-layer : Mobility management (MM) ⇓ registration, authentication, identification, location updating, and the provision of a temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI). 4. Cell Mgmt Layer 21 Second and a half-generation (2.5G) Mobile Communication system ⇓ 56 is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain has actually brought: Packet-switched connection and enhanced data rates. GPRS '→ Stone features Packet swiching and ↓ High-speed wireless Internet Other data communications ↓ data transmission rates of 28 kbps and higher 22  57 Second and a half-generation (2.5G) Mobile Communication system ⇓ is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain has actually brought: Packet-switched connection and enhanced data rates. GPRS '→ Stone features EDGE '→ Stone features GPRS, or General Packet Radio Service, is a packet-oriented Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a technology mobile data standard on 2G and 3G cellular communication that enhances the data transmission capabilities of GSM systems. GSM 2.5 networks. Gsm 2.75 Packet swiching and Other data communications increases transmission speeds on GSM networks and enables the transmission of large amounts of data at High-speed wireless Internet data transmission rates of 28 384Kbps kbps and higher 22 In addition, Both support: WAP ((Wireless Application Protocol)) MMS SMS mobile games data transmission rates of 144 kbps or higher, etc 2 3  59 The third generation (3G Mobile system) Just provides high-speed data transmissions of 144kbps and higher 3G wireless networks support the following maximum data transfer rates: 2.05 Mbits/second '→ stationary devices. 384 Kbits/second '→ slowly moving devices, such as a handset carried by a walking user. 128 Kbits/second '→ fast moving devices, such as handsets in moving vehicles. Comes with enhanced features 24 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 60 Comes with enhanced features higher data speed. Multiple mobile applications and clarity of digital signals. Enhanced audio and video streaming; Video-conferencing support; Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds; IPTV (TV through the Internet) support Is there a 3G Standard? ↓ International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is responsible for standardizing 3G 24 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 61 ITU approved a family of five 3G standards, based on CDMA Technology Based on TDMA Technology The well-known Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ↓ W-CDMA operating at 2.1GHz '→ most of the world’s wireless operators have chosen to use UMTS. 25 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, ↓ provide mobile broadband speeds of several Mbps to '→ smartphones, tablets and mobile modems in laptop computers HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) ↓ upgrades the uplink for higher data transfer speed and capacity of having faster speed UP to14Mbps. HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ↓ 3.75G '→ HSPA High Speed Packet Access is a combination of HSUPA and HSDPA that improves the performance of WCDMA and can attain speed 21 Mbps to 28 Mbps. HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access having faster speed up to 14 Mbps. 2 6 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 63  Was there anything though (3G) ? Yeah!  High Bandwidth Requirement '→ high performance application  High spectrum Licensng  Huge Capital  Need of Mobiblity and Service Portability  The Need of wider bandwidth  ↓  Motivated towards 4G 27 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 64 Was there anything though (3G) ? Yeah! High Bandwidth Requirement '→ high performance application High spectrum Licensng Huge Capital Need of Mobiblity and Service Portability The Need of wider bandwidth ↓ Motivated towards 4G ↓ The other Contribution of ITU '→ 27  65 Was there anything though (3G) ? Yeah! High Bandwidth Requirement '→ high performance application High spectrum Licensng Huge Capital Need of Mobiblity and Service Portability The Need of wider bandwidth ↓ Motivated towards 4G ↓ The other Contribution of ITU '→ Fourth Generation mobile system (4G) ↓ specifies the key characteristics of the standard, (such as transmission technology and data speeds. 27 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 4G '→ refers to all-IP packet-switchednetworks, mobile ultra-broadband access and multi-carrier transmission With 4G download speeds '→ wireless users can stream high-definition video and audio. X-tics of 4G Mobile System 4G communication provides 100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations. is an Adoption of Packet Switching instead of Circuit-Switching in voice and video calls will slaso be able to stream HD television and radio hand-held devices Any Tech. behind 4G ? Smart Antennas for Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Divivsion Multiplexing(OFDM) IPV6 VoIP Software defined Radio (SDR) System 2 8 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies Features of 4G Fully IP-Based Mobile system High speed, High capacity and low-cost per bit Global access, service portability Seamless switching and variety of QoS Ad-Hoc and Multi-hop network Better spectral efficency Interoperablity with existing wireless standards LTE (Long-Term Evolution) Standard managed by 3GPP (3 r d ) Generation Partnership Project Organization designed to provide up to 10 times the speed of 3G Network for mobile devices LTE is standard along Ultra Mobile Broadband and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) LTE has atheoretical net bit rate 100 MBit/S, ↓ speed 50 MBit/S ↑ Speed ↓ if a 20 MHz channel is used and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO),i.e. antenna arrays, are used. 2 9 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies Feature 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Late 1970s - Early Introduction Year Early 1990s Early 2000s 2009-2010 2019-Present 1980s Circuit-Switched Fully Packet- Fully Packet- Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched Data Transmission Voice + Limited Switched (IP- Switched (IP- Voice Only Voice and Data Data based) based with slicing) Digital (IP-based Technology Analog Digital Digital Digital (IP-based) with AI and virtualization) Enhanced Voice, Video, Voice, SMS, Data, Broadband, IoT, Services Voice Only Voice, SMS, MMS High-Speed Data, Video Calls AR/VR, AI Streaming Integration 24 GHz and above Frequency Bands 800 MHz 900 MHz, 1800 MHz 1.8–2.4 GHz 2–8 GHz (mmWave) 3 0  69 Feature 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Massive MIMO, Access WCDMA, Beamforming, FDMA TDMA, CDMA OFDMA, SC-FDMA Technology CDMA2000 mmWave, OFDMA 384 Kbps to 2 100 Mbps to 1 Speed 2.4 Kbps Up to 64 Kbps Up to 10-20 Gbps Mbps Gbps Smartphones Smartphones, Smartphones, IoT, Basic Phones Feature Phones Device Capability (Voice, Data, Tablets, IoT Smart Cities, (Voice Only) (Voice, SMS) Apps) Devices Autonomous Cars OFDMA with Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA, WCDMA OFDMA, SC-FDMA massive MIMO Techniques and Beamforming Latency ~500 ms ~300 ms ~100-150 ms ~50 ms ~1 ms  70 Feature 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Advanced Basic Improved (3GPP Enhanced (IPSec, (Network Slicing, Security Minimal (Authentication, Security Encryption) Blockchain, AI- Encryption) Standards) based) 30 kHz per 200 kHz per Bandwidth 5 MHz 20 MHz 100 MHz to 1 GHz channel channel Cloud-Native, Circuit + Packet All-IP Core Core Network Analog PSTN Digital PSTN Software-Defined Core Network Networking (SDN) Highly Optimized Battery Efficiency Low Improved Moderate Optimized (AI-based Power Management) Improved (Better Ultra-Wide Large Cells (Lower Moderate (High- Wide Coverage + Coverage Area Coverage and Coverage with Capacity) Density Areas) High-Speed Areas Capacity) Focused Beams Mobile Cloud Computing 3 1  72 Cloud computing  is a technology that delivers computing resources such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics over the internet (the "cloud")  to provide flexible, scalable, and cost-effective IT solutions.  Users can access these resources on demand without needing to own or manage physical hardware.  73 Types of Cloud Computing  74 Cont  75 How ?  Virtualization:  Uses virtual machines (VMs) to run multiple workloads on a single physical server.  Resource Management:  Cloud platforms manage and allocate physical resources (like servers and storage) based on user demand.  Internet Connectivity:  Users access services and resources over the internet through a web browser or API.  Data Centers:  Cloud providers maintain large-scale data centers with high-speed networking, redundancy, and robust security.  76 Why ?  Advantages of Cloud Computing  Cost Efficiency:  Reduces capital expenditure on hardware and infrastructure.  Scalability:  Adapts to growing or shrinking resource needs.  Accessibility:  Enables remote work and global collaboration.  Reliability:  Ensures high availability and disaster recovery through redundancy.  Innovation:  Provides platforms and tools for rapid development and deployment of applications. CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 77 Why Mobile Cloud Computing ? ↓ Think The Scarcity in Mobile Devices '→ Such as battery problem, storage and bandwidth Mobile Cloud Computing offers advantages to users by allowing them to utilize infrastructure, platforms and software by cloud providers. Mobile cloud computing allows mobile devices to access and utilize cloud-based resources and services, such as storage, processing power, and applications, over the internet. This approach leverages the strengths of both mobile and cloud computing to provide a seamless and powerful user experience. 32 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 78 Why Mobile Cloud Computing ? ↓ Think The Scarcity in Mobile Devices '→ Such as battery problem, storage and bandwidth Mobile Cloud Computing offers advantages to users by allowing them to utilize infrastructure, platforms and software by cloud providers. Defination Cloud Computing: is storing and Accessing data and programs via TCP/IP network instead in device’s storage devices 32  79 Key Components of Mobile Cloud Computing  Mobile Devices: Smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices that access cloud services.  Cloud Infrastructure: Servers, storage, and networking resources provided by cloud service providers.  Network Connectivity: High-speed internet connections, including 4G, 5G, and Wi- Fi, that enable communication between mobile devices and cloud services.  Cloud Services: Applications, platforms, and infrastructure offered by cloud providers, such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 80 Why Mobile Cloud Computing ? ↓ Think The Scarcity in Mobile Devices '→ Such as battery problem, storage and bandwidth Mobile Cloud Computing offers advantages to users by allowing them to utilize infrastructure, platforms and software by cloud providers. Defination Cloud Computing: is storing and Accessing data and programs via TCP/IP network instead in device’s storage devices Mobile Cloud Computing refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and processing happens outside the mobile device. 32 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 81 Why Mobile Cloud Computing ? ↓ Think The Scarcity in Mobile Devices '→ Such as battery problem, storage and bandwidth Mobile Cloud Computing offers advantages to users by allowing them to utilize infrastructure, platforms and software by cloud providers. Defination Cloud Computing: is storing and Accessing data and programs via TCP/IP network instead in device’s storage devices Mobile Cloud Computing refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and processing happens outside the mobile device. 32 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 3 3 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 83 ★ Do we have driving forces (enabling technologies) ? '→ 34 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 84 ★ Do we have driving forces (enabling technologies) ? '→ Yeah! Enabling Technologies Communication system (3G, 3.5G. 3.75G, 4G, 5G) HTML, CSS Hypervisor Web-services ★ Any Merits from Mobile cloud computing ? '→ 34  85 Cont…. ★ Do we have driving forces (enabling ★ Any Merits from Mobile cloud computing ? '→ technologies) ? '→ Yeah! Yeah! Enabling Technologies Merits Communication system (3G, 3.5G. 3.75G, 4G, 5G) Flexibile and portable HTML, CSS On-demand services Hypervisor Cost effectiveness Web-services Universal access allows to make backup and recovery centeralized monitoring and maintainance of software 34 CH02: Mobile Communication Technologies 86 ★ Any demerits from Mobile cloud ★ Appication of Mobile Cloud Computing computing ? '→ Ofcourse! '→ Yeah! Disadvantages of Mobile Cloud Mobile Commerce computing Cloud Email Trust, Security and privacy issues Data Security Mobile Learning connectivity and performance issues Mobile Healthcare Power consumption Congestion issues. Cloud Music 35