Chapter 002 Key Points PDF

cultural and social differences, educational shortcomings, lack of KEY POINTS recognition of the problem by legislators, and the isolation of living An integrated health care system consists of a network of h...

cultural and social differences, educational shortcomings, lack of KEY POINTS recognition of the problem by legislators, and the isolation of living An integrated health care system consists of a network of health in remote rural areas. care organizations that work together to provide a continuum of Discharge planning begins at admission to a health care agency, coordinated health care services to a defined group of people to helps determine the best place for a patient to go after discharge improve quality of care and control health care costs. from the hospital, and creates a smooth transition of a patient’s Each of the six levels of health care describe the types of services and care from the acute care or post–acute care agency to the patient’s different settings in which health care is delivered to patients in all next environment stages of health and illness. Barriers to effective discharge planning include ineffective com- Each level of care presents different requirements and opportuni- munication, lack of role clarity among health care team members, ties for a nurse. In a primary care setting, nurses are extensively and lack of resources. involved in patient assessment, whereas in restorative care set- “Pay for Value” ties reimbursement to quality; if hospitals perform tings, nurses know that success depends on their effective and poorly in quality scores, they receive lower payments for services early partnering with patients and their families in planning and from CMS. care delivery. Nurses promote patient satisfaction through providing patient- Levels of prevention are not the same as levels of care. Levels of and family-centered care and applying good interpersonal skills, prevention describe the focus of health-related activities in a care including courtesy, respect, and good communication skills. setting, such as health promotion and disease prevention (primary The nursing shortage is an issue in health care that affects all aspects of prevention) and curing or managing disease (secondary prevention) nursing (e.g., patient care, nursing administration, nursing education) Health care professionals provide patient care in different settings. and opens vast opportunities to nurses. Furthering education and fol- For example, primary care focuses on health promotion and tends lowing trends in health care open professional options for nurses. to be provided in community settings, whereas hospitals provide Patient-centered care is care that is focused on the patient’s preferences, comprehensive secondary and tertiary care to patients who are needs, and values and involves the patient in the clinical decision- acutely ill. making process. This type of care is based on the patient’s lifestyle and Health care access is influenced by access to hospitals, clinics, and is coordinated with the health care team so that the patient is engaged physician offices; availability of transportation; ease in scheduling in the care process. appointments; availability of appointments when needed; accessibil- Social determinants of health contribute to health disparities, creating ity of specialty services when a referral is made; and clear instructions differences in the health status of different groups of people in a com- provided on when and how to get referrals. munity. Disparities in health status, particularly in a community in Rural Americans’ access to health care is affected by economic fac- which the majority have poor health, will affect the productivity and tors (rural Americans are more likely to live below the poverty level), vulnerability of a population. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.