Industrial Revolution PDF

# THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Late 1700s-Early 1900s: The industrial Revolution transforms the economies of Europe and the United States. from agricultural $\rightarrow$ industrial majority rural (country) population $\rightarrow$ majority urban (city) population The **First Industrial Revolution,...

# THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Late 1700s-Early 1900s: The industrial Revolution transforms the economies of Europe and the United States. from agricultural $\rightarrow$ industrial majority rural (country) population $\rightarrow$ majority urban (city) population The **First Industrial Revolution, 1780s-1860s** run by: * **coal** = fuel source * **iron** = tools, machines, engines, weapons, railroad tracks * **steam engines** = factories & transportation (railroad & steamships) The **Second Industrial Revolution, 1870s-1910s** run by: * **oil** = joins coal as a fuel source * **steel** = stronger than iron $\rightarrow$ better machines, etc.; skyscrapers * **internal combustion engine** = automobiles, airplanes * **electricity** = power source, lighting, 24/7 factories * **rapid communication** = telegraph, telephone, radio The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, 1850 The image is a map of Great Britain in 1850, with the following features highlighted: major industrial areas, coal fields, and major canals Industrialization began in the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the 1780s due to available: * capital * population growth * coal and iron deposits * navigable rivers and ports The image is a map of The First British Empire (ca. 1763). Capital Since 1500s, England = world's leading commercial power (powerful navy with colonies in Americas and Asia) The image is of 18c British Port. Capital Overseas trade $\rightarrow$ vast wealth $\rightarrow$ capital (surplus money) available to invest in machines and factories The image is a graph titled "Yield Ratio" for Grain Crops, 1400-1800 Agricultural Revolution Improved farming $\rightarrow$ increased food supply $\rightarrow$ population explosion * 1700-1870: 270% increase in crop yield * 1700-1801: British population grew from 5.5 million to 9 million Also, lower food prices $\rightarrow$ more money to buy manufactured goods The image is of English Common Lands Enclosed by Acts of Parliament 1700-1850. Agricultural Revolution * The enclosure movement created larger, consolidated land holdings. * Crop rotation replenished the soil. * Jethro Tull's seed drill (1701) and cast-iron plough (1730) increased yields. * Drainage of British wetlands added 10-30% more arable land. * Animals were selectively bred for specific traits. The image is of Cities with over 100,000 people, Exposed coalfields, industrial areas, Principal railroads Coal and Iron Population explosion $\rightarrow$ wood shortage $\rightarrow$ coal mining as alternative energy. The image shows a man pulling a coal cart through a mineshaft Coal and Iron The image is of a steam engine. Thomas Newcommen invented the steam engine to pump water from coal mines (1702). Coal = excellent to heat water for steam engines The image is a graph showing the British Pig Iron Production from 1750 to 1870. Coal and Iron * Abraham Darby used coke to improve'meting to make pig iron. * Henry Cort produced wrought iron through the puzzling process (1783). The image is of The Eiffel Tower, Paris, France is made of wrought iron, 1887-1889. The image is of The Iron Bridge, England, 1781 was the world's first cast iron bridge. The image is a map of Coal producing areas, Major areas of metal goods production ca. 1750, Major areas of woolen cloth production, ca 1750, Canals built between 1760 and 1800, Navigable rivers. Navigable Rivers and Parts * Transportation costs fell sharply as canals connected the interior to the Atlantic via England's navigable rivers. The image is a photograph of people digging a canal. Textiles The image portrays a textile factory, with two women working on looms. * England = was traditional center of wool textiles in the Middle Ages * Trade with Egypt, India, and Americas $\rightarrow$ cotton to Great Britain The image portrays an interior textile factory in the textile factory, with two women working on looms. Textiles Traditionally, textiles production = two-step process, spinning and weaving performed at home by older women (spinsters) = cottage industry Textile Inventions The image portrays an interior of a weaving factory * The cottage industry was a method of subcontracting production of goods, especially the weaving of cloth. * Merchants supplied, or put out, raw materials to rural workers to complete at home and then paid piecework for the finished product. * It let workers supplement income without having to travel and without loss of time for farm, housework, or family. The image portrays textile Inventions Late 1700s: new inventions increased production but required workers to go to the new machines near rivers (water mills = power source) $\rightarrow$ factory production * John Kay's flying shuttle (1732) * James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (1764) * Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769) The image portrays The "Water Frame". Factory System The image portrays a coal-steamed engine. * James Watt's coal-fueled steam engine (1769) freed factories from river-powered water wheels making steam-powered machinery practical $\rightarrow$ factories near coal mines for fuel, water for transportation of goods $\rightarrow$ Manchester, England * Shoes, furniture, munitions, paper, and printing were soon mechanized too. The following is information on the Textile Factory Workers in England | | | Worker in England | | :----- | :------------- | :----------------------------------- | | **1813** | 2400 looms | 150,000 workers | | **1833** | 85,000 looms | 200,000 workers | | **1850** | 224,000 looms | \>1 million workers | Factory Workers The image portrays Stereotype of a Factory Owner * By 1840: cotton cloth = Britain's #1 product, sold worldwide * Excess population and loss of traditional farm jobs $\rightarrow$ competition for jobs $\rightarrow$ factory owners take advantage of workers * Unskilled women and children = 2/3 of industrial workforce. Children were paid 1/3 or less of man's wage. The image portrays Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions Factory Workers * Working hours = 12-16 hours/ day, 6 days/week * Hot temperatures & dangerous equipment $\rightarrow$ frequent (sometimes fatal) accidents The image is an illustration of a girl mine worker dragging coal. Factory Workers * 1833: The Factory Act reduced child labor hours. Inspectors could issue fines. * 1842: The Mines Act prohibited women and boys under 10 from working underground. * 1847: The Ten Hours Act shortened the workday for teens and women. The image is of a 1830: George and Robert Stephenson's Rocket. Railroads * Steam engines also powered railroads. * 1830: George and Robert Stephenson's Rocket traveled 16 mph the first public railroad of 32 miles of track linking Manchester to the port of Liverpool, England $\rightarrow$ increased global trade The image is of growth of railways in Great Britain, 1840-1850 Railroads Building railroads = job opportunities for farm laborers and peasants. Cheaper transportation $\rightarrow$ cheaper goods $\rightarrow$ more consumer demand $\rightarrow$ more sales $\rightarrow$ more factories and more machines. Railroads By 1850: trains = 50+ mph. Parliament, the Bank of England, and financiers like "Railway King'' George Hudson invested in 6000+ miles of railroad construction during Railway Mania. Workshop of the World The image is of steamboat. * American Robert Fulton introduced the commercial river steamboat (1807). * Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Western was the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean (1838). The image is of workshop of the world "Workshop of the World" Britain became the "workshop of the world" producing * 2/3 of global coal * 1/2 of global iron and cloth * 1/5 of all global goods The image is of Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, housed the Great Exhibition of 1851 Workshop of the World Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, the first great world's fair. It was championed by Prince Albert. 13,000 exhibits showcased British and foreign industry and culture to six million visitors. The image is of wheel transportation of the 2nd Industrial Revolution-Land The Second Industrial Revolution Land Transportation * British engineer Thomas Hancock and American inventor Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber tires (1844). The Second Industrial Revolution Land Transportation * Nikolaus Otto's gasoline-fueled **internal combustion engine** (1868) drove Carl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's automobiles (1880s). The Second Industrial Revolution Land Transportation * 1880s: Steam- and electric powered street and cable cars were common in cities. The image is of the first underground railway from 1863. The Second Industrial Revolution Land Transportation * Rudolf Diesel's engine (1893) powered electric and water plants, mining and drilling equipment, factories, and oil.pipelines in addition to trucks, ships, and boats. The image is of London Underground (1863) and Paris Métro (1900). The Second Industrial Revolution Land Transportation The London Underground (1863) and Paris Métro (1900) subways and the Mt, Cenis (1873) and Simplon (1906) tunnels in the Alps drove through the earth. The image is of TITANIC White Star Line, the world's largest liner The Second Industrial Revolution $\rightarrow$ Sea Transportation Steel plates (1858) spurred rapid shipbuilding improvements climaxing in the tragic of SS Titanic (1912). The image is of Panama canal The Second Industrial Revolution $\rightarrow$ Sea Transportation The Suez (1869), Kiel (1895), and Panama (1914) canals carved new sea routes. Image of a truck that contains refrigerator. The Second Industrial Revolution-Sea Transportation Image of a Russian submarine. * Image of Otto submarine Abdül Hamid. 1886 the first submarine to fire a torpedo while submerged.The Ottoman submarine Abdül Hamid (1886) was the first submarine to fire a torpedo while submerged. The Second Industrial Revolution-Sea Transportation Refrigerated railcars and ships carried meat and fruit long distance, even from Australia to Britain. The Second Industrial Revolution-Sea Transportation. Experimental submarines appeared in the 1860s and first saw combat during the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905). The image is of HMS Dreadnought from 1906. The Second Industrial Revolution-Sea Transportation Battleship HMS Dreadnought (1906) launched naval arms race between Britain and Imperial Germany. The image is of GRAF ZEPPELIN The Second Industrial Revolution-Air Transportation German Ferdinand von Zeppelin's airship conquered the sky (1900). Zeppelins flew 1588 commercial flights by World War I. The image is of Americans Orville and Wilbur Wright flew a plane from 1903. The Second Industrial Revolution-Air Transportation * Americans Orville and Wilbur Wright flew a plane (1903). The image is of Penny Magazine from 1814. The Second Industrial Revolution-Newspapers * London Times was able to printed 1100 newspaper copies per hour by 1814. * The penny press reduced costs and made news accessible to the masses. British Charles Knight's Penny Magazine circulated 200,000 copies in the first year (1832). * British newspaper circulation grew over 300% to 1836 to 1854. The image shows Submarine telegraph. The Second Industrial Revolution-High-speed Communication Samuel Morse's telegraph (1844) enabled high-speed long distance communication. Undersea telegraph cables tethered Britain to France (1850) and Ireland to Canada (1858). The image is of Alexander Graham Bell on telephone. The Second Industrial Revolution-High-speed Communication Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone (1876). The image is of skyscraper in 1884. The Second Industrial Revolution-Steel American William Le Baron Jenney built the first steel skyscraper (1884). French Gustav Eiffel used weight iron for the Eiffel Tower (1889).